On the Interpretation of the Optical Spectra of L-type Dwarfs

Abstract

We present synthetic optical spectra in the range 640-930 nm of a sample of field L dwarfs and the brown dwarf GL229B. Our computations show that Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs govern the spectra of these objects, with Na and K contributing significantly to block the optical emergent radiation. Molecular absorptions of TiO, VO, CrH, FeH and CaH also dominate in the early L-types showing a strength that progressively decreases for later types. We find that the densities of these molecules in the atmospheres are considerably smaller by larger factors than those predicted by the chemical equilibrium. In order to reproduce the overall shape of the optical spectra an additional opacity (AdO) is required to be implemented in the computations. We have modelled it with a simple law [a0 (nu / nu0)^N, N=4], and found that this provides a good fit to the data. This AdO could be due to molecular/dust absorption or to dust scattering. The EWs and intensities of the alkali lines are highly affected by this opacity. The Li line at 670.8 nm, widely used as a substellarity discriminator, is more affected by the AdO than by the natural depletion of neutral Li. Our computations display a rather strong feature even at Teffs around 1000 K; depending on the Teff and on the amount of dust in the atmospheres of very cool dwarfs, it might be possible to detect Li even at temperatures this cool. Changes in the physical conditions of dust formation in L-type dwarfs will cause variability of the alkali lines.