Dust Formation in Primordial Type II Supernovae

Abstract

We have investigated the formation of dust in the ejecta of Type II supernovae (SNe), mostly of primordial composition, to answer the question of where are the first solid particles formed in the universe. However, we have also considered non-zero progenitor's metallicity values up to Z=Zsun. The calculations are based on standard nucleation theory and the scheme has been first tested on the well studied case of SN1987A, yielding results that are in agreement with the available data. We find that: i) the first dust grains are predominantly made of silicates, amorphous carbon (AC), magnetite, and corundum; ii) the largest grains are the AC ones, with sizes around 300 A, whereas other grain types have smaller radii, around 10-20 A. The grain size distribution depends somewhat on the thermodynamics of the ejecta expansion and variations in the results by a factor ~ 2 might occur within reasonable estimates of the relevant parameters. Also, and for the same reason, the grain size distribution, is essentially unaffected by metallicity changes. The predictions on the amount of dust formed are very robust: for Z=0, we find that SNe with masses in the range (12-35) Msun produce about 0.08 Msun < M_dust < 0.3 Msun of dust/SN. The above range increases by roughly 3 times as the metallicity is increased to solar values. We discuss the implications and the cosmological consequences of the results.