Infall models of Class 0 protostars

Abstract

We have carried out radiative transfer calculations of infalling, dusty envelopes surrounding embedded protostars to understand the observed properties of the recently identified ``Class 0'' sources. To match the far-infrared peaks in the spectral energy distributions of objects such as the prototype Class 0 source VLA 1623, pure collapse models require mass infall rates $\sim10^{-4}\msun$yr$^{-1}$. The radial intensity distributions predicted by such infall models are inconsistent with observations of VLA 1623 at sub-mm wavelengths, in agreement with the results of Andre et al. (1993) who found a density profile of $ρ\propto r^{-1/2}$ rather than the expected $ρ\propto r^{-3/2}$ gradient. To resolve this conflict, while still invoking infall to produce the outflow source at the center of VLA 1623, we suggest that the observed sub-mm intensity distribution is the sum of two components: an inner infall zone, plus an outer, more nearly constant-density region. This explanation of the observations requires that roughly half the total mass observed within 2000 AU radius of the source lies in a region external to the infall zone. The column densities for this external region are comparable to those found in the larger Oph A cloud within which VLA 1623 is embedded. The extreme environments of Class 0 sources lead us to suggest an alternative or additional interpretation of these objects: rather than simply concluding with Andre et al. that Class 0 objects only represent the earliest phases of protostellar collapse, and ultimately evolve into older ``Class I'' protostars, we suggest that many Class 0 sources could be the protostars of very dense regions. (Shortened)