Infrared Spectroscopy of Brown Dwarfs: the onset of methane absorption in L dwarfs and the L/T transition

Abstract

We present infrared spectra of brown dwarfs with spectral types from mid-L to T. The 0.9-2.5 $μ$m spectra of three dwarfs found by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey contain absorption bands of both methane and carbon monoxide and bridge the gap between late L and previously observed T dwarfs. These dwarfs form a clear spectral sequence, with CH$_{4}$ absorption increasing as the CO absorption decreases. Water vapor band strengths increase in parallel with the methane bands and thus also link the L and T types. We suggest that objects with detectable CO and CH$_{4}$ in the H and K bands should define the earliest T subclasses. From observations of bright (K~$\leq$~13 mag) L dwarfs found by 2MASS, we find that the onset of detectable amounts of CH$_{4}$ occurs near spectral type L5. For this spectral type methane is observable in the 3.3~$μ$m $ν$$_{3}$ band only, and not in the overtone and combination bands at H and K.