The erratic luminosity behavior of SAX J1808.4-3658 during its 2000 outburst

Abstract

We report on the highly variable and erratic long-term X-ray luminosity behavior of the only known accretion-driven millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 during its 2000 outburst, as observed with RXTE. The maximum observed luminosity is ~2.5 x 10^35 erg s^-1 (3-25 keV; for a distance of 2.5 kpc), which is a factor of ~10 lower than that observed during the 1996 and 1998 outbursts. Due to solar constraints, the source could not be observed for several months with RXTE before 21 Jan. 2000. Therefore, the exact moment of the outburst onset is unknown and the peak luminosity could have been significantly higher. On some occasions SAX J1808.4-3658 was observed with luminosities of ~10^35 erg s^-1, but on other occasions it could not be detected with RXTE resulting in upper limits of a few times 10^33 erg s^-1 (3-25 keV). The non-detections of the source during its 2000 outburst obtained with BeppoSAX demonstrate that its luminosity was at times <10^32 erg s^-1 (0.5-10 keV). However, only a few days after these BeppoSAX observations, we detected the source again with RXTE at high luminosities, giving a factor of >1000 of luminosity swings in this system on time scales of days. The last detection of SAX J1808.4-3658 with RXTE was on 2000 May 13, almost 4 months after the first detection. Due to the lack of sensitivity and observations during the 1996 and 1998 outbursts, it cannot be excluded that after those outbursts the source remained active for months and that the source behavior during the 2000 outburst is not unique. Long duration activity at low luminosities has been observed in other transients (both neutron stars and black holes), although not with such extreme variability which might point to a different origin for this behavior for the pulsar.