The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. VI. The Nature of the Optically Faint X-ray Source Population

Abstract

We provide constraints on the nature of the optically faint (I>=24) X-ray source population from a 1 Ms Chandra exposure of a 8.4x8.4 arcmin region containing the Hubble Deep Field North. We detect 47 (2,400 deg^-2) optically faint X-ray sources. The fraction of optically faint X-ray sources is approximately constant (at approx 35%) for 0.5-8.0 keV fluxes from 3x10^-14 cgs down to the X-ray flux limit. A considerable fraction (approx 30%) of the sources are Very Red Objects (I-K>=4). Analysis of the optical and X-ray properties suggests a large number of optically faint X-ray sources are likely to host obscured AGN activity at z= 1-3. From these results we calculate that a significant fraction (approx 5-45%) could be obscured QSOs at z<=3. Given the number of X-ray sources without I-band counterparts, there are unlikely to be more than approx 15 sources at z>6. We provide evidence that the true number of z>6 sources is considerably lower. Nine optically faint X-ray sources have micro-Jy radio counterparts; approx 53% of the optically faint micro-Jy radio sources in this region. The most likely origin of the X-ray emission in these X-ray detected, optically faint micro-Jy radio sources is obscured AGN activity. However, two of these sources have been previously detected at sub-millimeter wavelengths and the X-ray emission from these sources could be due to luminous star formation activity. Assuming the SED of NGC 6240, we estimate the 175 micron flux of a typical optically faint X-ray source to be <10 mJy. As expected for sources with AGN activity, the two optically faint X-ray sources within the most sensitive area of the ISOCAM region have faint (approx 50 micro-Jy) 15 micron counterparts. (ABRIDGED).