High-Mass Stars as Early Signpost of Cluster Formation

Abstract

The connection between high-mass stars and young stellar clusters has been well established by near-IR observations showing young massive stars in HII regions surrounded by clusters of lower mass stars. Mm-wave observations show that these clusters form in approx. 1000 Msol dense cores. Interestingly, the mm-wave observations of very active cluster-forming regions also reveal the presence of seemingly quiescent dense massive cores, which contain few signs of ongoing star formation. In the W3 Main region we find an approx. 1000 Msol mass dense core which contains no mid-IR or cm-continuum sources. Near-IR imaging has failed to detect any embedded sources. Yet, we suggest that this region is at an early stage of cluster formation. This is given support by comparative observations of the NGC 6334 GMC. Here, we find another quiescent massive 1000 Msol core without mid-IR sources, HII regions, or a detectable near-IR cluster. Motivated by the presence of CH3OH and H2O masers in this IR-quiet core, we have searched for and detected a bipolar outflow driven by a young massive star deeply embedded in the core. The presence of an embedded high-mass star strengthens our arguments that IR-quiet cores are at an early stage of cluster formation. We propose that masers and outflows from very deeply embedded (and consequently IR-quiet) high-mass stars are among the first incipient signposts of cluster formation in massive cores. Accordingly, we have undertaken a SEST survey of 46 CH3OH maser clusters which are not coincident with IRAS sources or HII regions. From this sample, we detected outflows in transitions of SiO toward 15 of the maser clusters. These sources have now been observed at 1200 micron with SIMBA, the 37-multichannel bolometer at SEST. Each one is associated with a bright 1 mm point source.