Dense gas-star systems: Super-massive stars evolution

Abstract

In the 60s and 70s super-massive central objects (from now onwards SMOs) were thought to be the main source of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) characteristics (luminosities of $L \approx 10^{12} L_{\odot}$). The release of gravitational binding energy by the accretion of material on to an SMO in the range of $10^7 - 10^9 M_{\odot}$ has been suggested to be the primary powerhouse (Lynden-Bell 1969). That rather exotic idea in early time has become common sense nowadays. Not only our own galaxy harbours a few million-solar mass black hole (Genzel 2001) but also many of other non-active galaxies show kinematic and gas-dynamic evidence of these objects (Magorrian et al. 1998) The concept of central super-massive stars (SMSs henceforth) (${\cal M} \ge 5 \times 10^4 M_{\odot}$, where ${\cal M}$ is the mass of the SMS) embedded in dense stellar systems was suggested as a possible explanation for high- energy emissions phenomena occurring in AGNs and quasars (Vilkoviski 1976, Hara 1978), such as X-ray emissions (Bahcall and Ostriker, 1975). SMSs and super-massive black holes (SMBHs) are two possibilities to explain the nature of SMOs, and SMSs may be an intermediate step towards the formation of SMBHs (Rees 1984). In this paper we give the equations that describe the dynamics of such a dense star-gas system which are the basis for the code that will be used in a prochain future to simulate this scenario. We also briefly draw the mathematical fundamentals of the code