New Classes of Cosmic Energy and Primordial Black-Hole Formation

Abstract

It has recently been suggested that the formation of horizon-size primordial black hole (PBH) from pre-existing density fluctuations is effective during the cosmic QCD phase transition. In this Letter we discuss the dependence of PBH formation on effective relativistic degrees of freedom, $g_{\rm eff}$ during the cosmic QCD phase transition. Our finding is important in the light of recent cosmological arguments of several new classes of cosmic energy that appear from universal neutrino degeneracy, quintessential inflation, and dark radiation in brane world cosmology. Extra-energy component from the standard value in these new cosmological theories is represented as an effective radiation in terms of $g_{\rm eff}$. We conclude that the PBH formation during QCD phase transition becomes more efficient if negative extra-component of the cosmic energy is allowed because of the increase of the duration of the QCD phase transition, which leads to smaller mass scale of PBHs. This suggests larger probability of finding more PBHs if the dark radiation exists as allowed in the brane world cosmology.