Cluster mass functions in the quintessential Universe

Abstract

We use $N$-body simulations to measure mass functions in flat cosmological models with quintessence characterized by constant $w$ with $w=-1$, -2/3 and -1/2. The results are compared to the predictions of the formula proposed by Jenkins et al. at different redshifts, in terms of FOF masses as well as Abell masses appropriate for direct comparison to observations. The formula reproduces quite well the mass functions of simulated haloes in models with quintessence. We use the cluster mass function data at a number of redshifts from Carlberg et al. to constrain $Ω_0$, $σ_8$ and $w$. The best fit is obtained in the limit $w \to 0$, but none of the values of $w$ in the considered range $-1 \le w < 0$ can actually be excluded. However, the adopted value of $w$ affects significantly the constraints in the $Ω_0-σ_8$ plane. Taking into account the dependence on $w$ we find $Ω_0=0.32 \pm 0.15$ and $σ_8=0.85_{-0.12}^{+0.38}$ (68% c.l.). Since less negative $w$ push the confidence regions toward higher $Ω_0$ and lower $σ_8$ we conclude that relaxing the assumption of $w=-1$ typically made in such comparisons may resolve the discrepancy between recent cluster mass function results (yielding rather low $Ω_0$ and high $σ_8$) and most other estimates. The fact that high $w$ values are preferred may however also point towards some unknown systematics in the data or the model with constant $w$ being inadequate.