Comparing AMR and SPH Cosmological Simulations: I. Dark Matter & Adiabatic Simulations

Abstract

We compare two cosmological hydrodynamic simulation codes in the context of hierarchical galaxy formation: The SPH code GADGET, and the Eulerian AMR code ENZO. Both codes represent dark matter with the N-body method, but use different gravity solvers and fundamentally different approaches to hydrodynamics. We compare the GADGET `entropy conserving' SPH formulation with two ENZO methods: The piecewise parabolic method (PPM), and the artificial viscosity-based scheme used in the ZEUS code. In this paper we focus on a comparison of cosmological simulations that follow either only dark matter, or also adiabatic baryonic gas. The dark matter-only runs agree generally quite well, provided ENZO is run with a comparatively fine root grid and a low overdensity threshold for mesh refinement, otherwise the abundance of low-mass halos is suppressed. This is due to the hierarchical particle-mesh method used to compute gravitational forces in ENZO, which tends to deliver lower force resolution than the tree algorithm of GADGET. At comparable force resolution, we find that the latter offers substantially better performance and lower memory consumption than the present gravity solver in ENZO. In simulations that include adiabatic gas dynamics, we find general agreement in the distribution functions of temperature, entropy, and density for gas of moderate to high overdensity, as found inside dark matter halos. However, there are some significant differences at lower overdensities. We argue that these discrepancies are presumably owing to differences in the shock-capturing abilities of the different methods. In particular, ZEUS hydro leads to some unphysical heating at early times in preshock regions. Overall, the GADGET hydro results are bracketed by those for ENZO/ZEUS and ENZO/PPM. (abridged)