An XMM-Newton observation of Ark 120: the X-ray spectrum of a `bare' Seyfert 1 nucleus

Abstract

We report on a long (100 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 120. The source previously showed no signs of intrinsic reddening in its infrared-ultraviolet continuum and previous observations had shown no evidence for ionized absorption in either the ultraviolet or X-ray bands. The new XMM-Newton RGS data place tight limits on the presence of an ionized X-ray absorber and confirm that the X-ray spectrum of Ark 120 is essentially unmodified by intervening matter. Thus Ark 120 can be considered a `bare' Seyfert 1 nucleus. This observation therefore offers a clean view of the X-ray spectrum of a `normal' Seyfert galaxy free from absorption effects. The spectrum shows a Doppler broadened iron emission line (FWHM ~ 3*10^4 km/s) and a smooth, continuous soft excess which appears to peak at an energy ~0.5 keV. This adds weight to the claim that genuine soft excesses (i.e. those due to a real steepening of the underlying continuum below ~2 keV) are ubiquitous in Seyfert 1 spectra. However, the detailed shape of the excess could not be reproduced by any of the simple models tested (power-laws, blackbodies, Comptonised blackbodies, accretion disc reflection). This observation therefore demonstrates both the need to understand the soft excess (as a significant contributor to the luminosity of most Seyfert 1s) and the inability of the existing, simple models to explain it.