Stability of rigidly rotating relativistic stars with soft equations of state against gravitational collapse

Abstract

We study secular stability against a quasi-radial oscillation for rigidly rotating stars with soft equations of state in general relativity. The polytropic equations of state with polytropic index $n$ between 3 and 3.05 are adopted for modeling the rotating stars. The stability is determined in terms of the turning-point method. It is found that (i) for $n \agt 3.04$, all the rigidly rotating stars are unstable against the quasi-radial oscillation and (ii) for $n \agt 3.01$, the nondimensional angular momentum parameter $q \equiv cJ/GM^2$ (where $J$, $M$, $G$, and $c$ denote the angular momentum, the gravitational mass, the gravitational constant, and the speed of light, respectively) for all marginally stable rotating stars is larger than unity. A semi-analytic calculation is also performed, and good agreement with the numerical results is confirmed. The final outcome after axisymmetric gravitational collapse of rigidly rotating and marginally stable massive stars with $q > 1$ is predicted, assuming that the rest-mass distribution as a function of the specific angular momentum is preserved and that the pressure never halt the collapse. It is found that even for $1 < q \alt 2.5$, a black hole may be formed as a result of the collapse, but for $q \agt 2.5$, the significant angular momentum will prevent the direct formation of a black hole.