A Reexamination of Electron Density Diagnostics for Ionized Gaseous Nebulae

Abstract

We present a comparison of electron densities derived from optical forbidden line diagnostic ratios for a sample of over a hundred nebulae. We consider four density indicators, the [O II] $\lambda3729/\lambda3726$, [S II] $\lambda6716/\lambda6731$, [Cl III] $\lambda5517/\lambda5537$ and [Ar IV] $\lambda4711/\lambda4740$ doublet ratios. Except for a few H II regions for which data from the literature were used, diagnostic line ratios were derived from our own high quality spectra. For the [O II] doublet ratio, we find that our default atomic data set, consisting of transition probabilities (Aij) from Zeippen (1982} and collision strengths from Pradhan (1976), fit the observations well, although at high electron densities, the [O II]doublet ratio yields densities systematically lower than those given by the [S II] doublet ratio, suggesting that the ratio of Aij of the [O II] doublet,$A(\lambda3729)/A(\lambda3726)$, given by Zeippen (1982) may need to be revised upwards by ~6%. Our analysis also shows that the more recent calculations of [O II] A value by Zeippen (1987a) and collision strengths by McLaughlin & Bell (1998) are inconsistent with the observations at the high and low density limits, respectively, and can therefore be ruled out. We confirm the earlier result of Copetti & Writzl (2002) that the [O II] A values calculated by Wiese et al. (1996) yield electron densities systematically lower than those deduced from the [S II] doublet ratio and that the discrepancy is most likely caused by errors in the A values calculated by Wiese et al. Using our default atomic data set for [\ion{O}{ii}], we find that $N_{\rm e}([\ion{O}{ii}]) \la N_{\rm e}([\ion{S}{ii}]) \approx N_{\rm e}([\ion{Cl}{iii}])< N_{\rm e}([\ion{Ar} {iv}])$.