Quasars as bubbles of dark matter: evidence for axion and tachyon matter in the Universe

Abstract

Growing amount of data show evidence for statistical and apparent physical association between low-redshift galaxies and high-redshift quasi-stellar objects, suggesting noncosmological origin of their redshift and failure of classical quasar explanation. Here we find an analytical solution of Einstein equations describing bubbles made from axions with periodic interaction potential. Such particles are currently considered as one of the leading dark matter candidate. The bubble interior has equal gravitational potential and, hence, photons emitted from the interior possess identical gravitational redshift. The redshift depends on the bubble mass and can have any value between zero and infinity. Quantum pressure supports the bubble against collapse and yields states stable on the scale of the Universe age. Our results explain the observed quantization of quasar redshift and suggest that intrinsically faint point-like quasars associated with nearby galaxies (a few % of known objects) are axionic bubbles with masses 10^8-10^9 M_{Sun} and radii 10^3-10^4 R_{Sun}. They are born in active galaxies and ejected into surrounding space. Properties of such quasars unambiguously indicate presence of axion dark matter in the Universe and yield the axion mass m=0.4-3 meV, which fits in the open axion mass window constrained by astrophysical and cosmological arguments. We also found that tachyons, another dark matter candidate, can form objects with galactic size, negligible mass and any value of the gravitational redshift. Such finding combined with quasar observations suggests that bright quasars 3C 48, 3C 273 and 3C 279 are nuclei of forming nearby small galaxies embedded into tachyonic clots and possess pure gravitational redshift.