Changing universe model with applications

Abstract

Although the current galaxy models yield calculations consistent with much of the data, many irregularities exist, exceptions have been found to the current models, the $Λ$CDM model apparently fails on galaxy scales, dark matter remains elusive, the phenomena at the center of galaxies are only beginning to be addressed, and many observations and empirical relationships are unexplained. A changing universe model (CUM) is proposed that posits the stuff of our universe is continually erupting into our universe from sources at the center of galaxies. In this first test of the CUM, a single equation that describes the rotation velocity curve of spiral galaxies is derived. The equation is also used to correlate the measured mass of the theorized, central supermassive black hole with other galaxy parameters. The equation adds one parameter for each mature galaxy and one parameter for each particle (atom nucleus and smaller) species to Newtonian dynamics. Rising, flat, and declining rotation velocity curves are explained without unknown dark matter. Ten previously unknown parametric relationships are discovered. Also, the CUM integrates several heretofore unrelated observations. The CUM model is in an early development stage and has already predicted new relationships among galaxy parameters.