Skyrmion Stars: Astrophysical motivations and implications

Abstract

We study mass-radius relations for compact stars employing an equation of state (EOS) of dense matter based on a Skyrme fluid. The zero-temperature mean-field model is based on mesonic excitations, incorporates the scale breaking of QCD, and accommodates baryons (nucleons) which arise as a solitonic configuration of mesonic fields. Stable configurations are obtained for central densities $ρ_c/ρ_n\leq 5.0$ where $ρ_n=2.575\times 10^{14}$ g/cc is the nuclear saturation density. These {\it Skyrmion Stars} are mostly fluid, with a crust which we describe by the EOS of Baym, Pethick and Sutherland. Their masses and radii are in the range $0.4 \le M/M_{\odot} \le 3.6$ and $13 {\rm km} \le R \le 23 {\rm km}$, respectively. The minimum spin period is computed to be between $0.7 {\rm ms}\le P \le 2.1 {\rm ms}$. They appear to have a mass-radius curve quite different from either neutron or quark stars, and provide a suitable description of the heavier mass neutron stars discovered recently due to the inherently stiff EOS. Within the same model, we compute the dominant neutrino emissivity in neutron-rich $β$-equilibrated matter, and determine the cooling behaviour of Skyrmion stars.