On the Production and Survival of Carbon Fuel for Superbursts on Accreting Neutron Stars: Implications for Mass Donor Evolution

Abstract

(abridged) We have investigated the physical conditions under which accreting neutron stars can both produce and preserve sufficient quantities of carbon fuel to trigger superbursts. Our models span the plausible ranges of neutron star thermal conductivities, core neutrino emission mechanisms, and areal radii, as well as the CNO abundances in the accreted material. We find that neutron stars that accrete hydrogen-rich material with CNO mass fractions <~ that of the Sun will not exhibit superbursts under any circumstances. Neutron stars that accrete material with CNO mass fractions >~ 4 times that of the Sun will exhibit superbursts at accretion rates in the observed range. On this basis, we suggest that the mass donors of superburst systems must have enhanced CNO abundances. The accreted CNO acts only as a catalyst for hydrogen burning via the hot CNO cycle, and therefore it is only the sum of the three elements' mass fractions that is important. Systems that exhibit superbursts are observed to differ from those that do not exhibit superbursts in the nature of their helium-triggered Type I X-ray bursts: the bursts have shorter durations and much greater alpha-values. Increasing the CNO abundance of the accreted material in our models reproduces both of these observations. Many compact binary systems have been observed in which the abundances of the accreting material are distinctly non-solar. Though abundance analyses of the systems that exhibit superbursts currently do not exist, Bowen fluorescence blend profiles of 4U 1636-536 and Ser X-1 suggest that the mass donor stars may indeed have non-solar CNO metallicities. More detailed abundance analyses of the accreting matter in systems that exhibit superbursts are needed to verify our assertion that the matter is rich in CNO elements.