Angular diameter distance estimates from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in hydrodynamical cluster simulations

Abstract

The angular-diameter distance D_A of a galaxy cluster can be measuread by combining its X-ray emission with the cosmic microwave background fluctution due to the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. The application of this distance indicator usually assumes that the cluster is spherically symmetric, the gas is distributed according to the isothermal beta-model, and the X-ray temperature is an unbiased measure of the electron temperature. We test these assumptions with galaxy clusters extracted from an extended set of cosmological N-body/hydrodynamical simulations of a LCDM concordance cosmology, which include the effect of radiative cooling, star formation and energy feedback from supernovae. We find that, due to the steep temperature gradients which are present in the central regions of simulated clusters, the assumption of isothermal gas leads to a significant underestimate of D_A. This bias is efficiently corrected by using the polytropic version of the beta-model to account for the presence of temperature gradients. In this case, once irregular clusters are removed, the correct value of D_A is recovered with a ~ 5 per cent accuracy on average, with a ~ 20 per cent intrinsic scatter due to cluster asphericity. This result is valid when using either the electron temperature or a spectroscopic-like temperature. When using instead the emission-weighted definition for the temperature of the simulated clusters, D_A is biased low by \~ 20 per cent. We discuss the implications of our results for an accurate determination of the Hubble constant H_0 and of the density parameter Omega_m. We find that H_0 can be potentially recovered with exquisite precision, while the resulting estimate of Omega_m, which is unbiased, has typical errors Delta(Omega_m) ~ 0.05.