Nuclear Astrophysics of Worlds in the String Landscape

Abstract

Motivated by landscape models in string theory, cosmic nuclear evolution is analyzed allowing the Standard Model Higgs expectation value w to take values different from that in our world (w=1), while holding the Yukawa couplings fixed. Thresholds are estimated, and astrophysical consequences are described, for several sensitive dependences of nuclear behavior on w. The dependence of the neutron-proton mass difference on w is estimated based on recent calculations of strong isospin symmetry breaking, and is used to derive the threshold of neutron-stable worlds, w ~ 0.6+/- 0.2. The effect of a stable neutron on nuclear evolution in the Big Bang and stars is shown to lead to radical differences from our world, such as a predominance of heavy r-process and s-process nuclei and a lack of normal galaxies, stars and planets. Rough estimates are reviewed of w thresholds for deuteron stability and the pp and pep reactions dominant in many stars. A simple model of nuclear resonances is used to estimate the w dependence of overall carbon and oxygen production during normal stellar nucleosynthesis; carbon production is estimated to change by a fraction ~15(1-w). Radical changes in astrophysical behavior seem to require changes in w of more than a few percent, even for the most sensitive phenomena.