Simulating the formation of molecular clouds. I. Slow formation by gravitational collapse from static initial conditions

Abstract

We study the formation of H2 in the ISM, using a modified version of the astrophysical magnetohydrodynamical code ZEUS-MP that includes a non-equilibrium treatment of the formation and destruction of H2. We examine two different approximations to treat the shielding of H2 against photodissociation: a local approximation, which gives us a solid lower bound on the amount of shielding, and a method based on ray-tracing that is considerably more accurate in some circumstances but that produces results that are harder to clearly interpret. Either approximation allows one to perform three-dimensional high-resolution simulations of cloud formation with only modest computational resources. We also include a detailed treatment of the thermal behaviour of the gas. In this paper, we focus on the problem of molecular cloud formation in gravitationally unstable, initially static gas. We show that in these conditions, and for initial densities consistent with those observed in the cold, neutral atomic phase of the interstellar medium, H2 formation occurs on a timescale t > 10 Myr, comparable to or longer than the gravitational free-fall timescale of the cloud. We also show that the collapsing gas very quickly reaches thermal equilibrium and that the equation of state of the gas is generally softer than isothermal. Finally, we demonstrate that although these results show little sensitivity to variations in most of our simulation parameters, they are highly sensitive to the assumed initial density n_i. Reducing n_i significantly increases the cloud formation timescale and decreases the amount of hydrogen ultimately converted to H2. (Abridged).