The Abundances of Oxygen and Carbon in the Solar Photosphere

Abstract

A series of recent studies has placed the best estimates of the photospheric abundances of carbon and oxygen at log epsilon = 8.39 and 8.66, respectively. These values are ~ 40 % lower than earlier estimates. A coalition of corrections due to the adoption of an improved model atmosphere, updated atomic data and non-LTE corrections, and a reevaluation of the effect of blending features, is responsible for the change. The adopted hydrodynamical model of the solar surface is an important element to the update, but using a theoretical 1D model atmosphere leads to an average oxygen abundance modestly increased by 0.09 dex, and a carbon abundance only 0.02 dex higher. Considering a state-of-the-art 3D hydrodynamical model of the solar surface yields consistent results from different sets of atomic and molecular lines. Systematic errors are likely to dominate the final uncertainties, but the available information indicates they are limited to <0.1 dex. The new abundances are closer to expectations based on the compositions of other nearby objects, although a fully consistent picture, considering galactic chemical evolution and diffusion at the bottom of the solar convection zone, is still lacking.