Broad-band continuum and variability of NGC 5548

Abstract

We analyze a composite broad-band optical/UV/Xgamma-ray spectrum of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548. The spectrum consists of an average of simultaneous optical/IUE/Ginga observations accompanied by ROSAT and GRO/OSSE data from non-simultaneous observations. We show that the broad-band continuum is inconsistent with simple disk models extending to the soft X-rays. Instead, the soft-excess is well described by optically thick, low temperature, thermal Comptonization which may dominate the entire big blue bump. This might explain the observed tight UV/soft X-ray variability correlation and absence of a Lyman edge in this object. However, the plasma parameters inferred by the spectrum need stratification in optical depth and/or temperature to prevent physical inconsistency. The optical/UV/soft X-ray component contributes about half of the total source flux. The spectral variations of the soft-excess are consistent with that of the UV and argue that the components are closely related. The overall pattern of spectral variability suggests variations of the source geometry, and shows the optical/UV/soft X-ray component to be harder when brighter, while the hard X-ray component is softer when brighter.