Future and Origin of our Universe: Modern View

Abstract

The existence of a positive and possibly varying Lambda-term opens a much wider field of possibilities for the future of our Universe than it was usually thought before. Definite predictions may be made for finite (though very large) intervals of time only, as well as in other branches of science. In particular, our Universe will continue to expand as far as the Lambda-term remains positive and does not decay to other forms of matter, even if the Universe is closed. Two new effects due to the presence of a constant Lambda-term are discussed: reversal of a sign of the redshift change with time for sufficiently close objects and inaccessibility of sufficiently distant objects in the Universe for us. A number of more distant and speculative possibilities for the future evolution of the Universe is listed including hitting a space-time singularity during an expansion phase. Finally, in fantastically remote future, a part of our Universe surrounding us can become supercurved and superdense due to various quantum-gravitational effects. This returns us to the past, to the origin of our Universe from a superdense state about 14 Gy ago. According to the inflationary scenario, this state was almost maximally symmetric (de Sitter-like). Though this scenario seems to be sufficient for the explanation of observable properties of the present Universe, and its predictions have been confirmed by observations, the question of the origin of the initial de Sitter (inflationary) state itself remains open. A number of conjectures regarding the very origin of our Universe, ranging from "creation from nothing" to "creation from anything", are discussed.