Onset of Convection in a Very Compressible Fluid : The Transient Toward Steady State

Abstract

We analyze the time profile $ΔT(t)$ of the temperature difference, measured across a very compressible supercritical $^3$He fluid layer in its convective state. The experiments were done along the critical isochore in a Rayleigh-Bénard cell after starting the vertical constant heat flow $q$. For $q$ sufficiently well above that needed for the convection onset, the transient $ΔT(t)$ for a given $ε\equiv(T-T_c)/T_c$, with $T_c$ = 3.318K, shows a damped oscillatory profile with period $t_{osc}$ modulating a smooth base profile. The smooth profile forms the exponential tail of the transient which tends to the steady-state $ΔT(\infty)$ with a time constant $τ_{tail}$. The scaled times $t_{osc}/t_D$ and $τ_{tail}/t_D$ from all the data could be collapsed onto two curves as a function of the Rayleigh number over $\sim$ 3.5 decades. Here $t_D$ is the characteristic thermal diffusion time. Furthermore comparisons are made between measurements of a third characteristic time $t_m$ between the first peak and the first minimum in the $ΔT(t)$ profile and its estimation by Onuki et al. Also comparisons are made between the observed oscillations and the 2D simulations by Onuki et al. and by Amiroudine and Zappoli. For $ε< 9\times 10^{-3}$ the experiments show a crossover to a different transient regime. This new regime, which we briefly describe, is not understood at present.