Scalable Percolation Search in Power Law Networks

Abstract

We introduce a scalable searching algorithm for finding nodes and contents in random networks with Power-Law (PL) and heavy-tailed degree distributions. The network is searched using a probabilistic broadcast algorithm, where a query message is relayed on each edge with probability just above the bond percolation threshold of the network. We show that if each node caches its directory via a short random walk, then the total number of {\em accessible contents exhibits a first-order phase transition}, ensuring very high hit rates just above the percolation threshold. In any random PL network of size, $N$, and exponent, $2 \leq τ< 3$, the total traffic per query scales sub-linearly, while the search time scales as $O(\log N)$. In a PL network with exponent, $τ\approx 2$, {\em any content or node} can be located in the network with {\em probability approaching one} in time $O(\log N)$, while generating traffic that scales as $O(\log^2 N)$, if the maximum degree, $k_{max}$, is unconstrained, and as $O(N^{{1/2}+ε})$ (for any $ε>0$) if $ k_{max}=O(\sqrt{N})$. Extensive large-scale simulations show these scaling laws to be precise. We discuss how this percolation search algorithm can be directly adapted to solve the well-known scaling problem in unstructured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks. Simulations of the protocol on sample large-scale subnetworks of existing P2P services show that overall traffic can be reduced by almost two-orders of magnitude, without any significant loss in search performance.