Three-dimensional vortex structure of a fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensate with harmonic-plus-quartic confinement

Abstract

We address the challenging proposition of using real experimental parameters in a three-dimensional numerical simulation of fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. We simulate recent experiments [V. Bretin, S. Stock, Y. Seurin and J. Dalibard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 050403 (2004); S. Stock, V. Bretin, S. Stock, F. Chevy and J. Dalibard, Europhys. Lett. 65, 594 (2004)] using an anharmonic (quadratic-plus-quartic) confining potential to reach rotation frequencies ($Ω$) above the trap frequency ($ω_\perp$). Our numerical results are obtained by propagating the 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation in imaginary time. For $Ω\leqω_\perp$, we obtain an equilibrium vortex lattice similar (as size and number of vortices) to experimental observations. For $Ω>ω_\perp$ we observe the evolution of the vortex lattice into an array of vortices with a central hole. Since this evolution was not visible in experiments, we investigate the 3D structure of vortex configurations and 3D-effects on vortex contrast. Numerical data are also compared to recent theory [D. E. Sheehy and L. Radzihovsky, Phys. Rev. A 70, 063620 (2004)] describing vortex lattice inhomogeneities and a remarkably good agreement is found.