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The Flux-Phase of the Half-Filled Band

E. H. Lieb
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Abstract

The conjecture is verified that the optimum, energy minimizing magnetic flux for a half-filled band of electrons hopping on a planar, bipartite graph is $π$ per square plaquette. We require {\it only} that the graph has periodicity in one direction and the result includes the hexagonal lattice (with flux 0 per hexagon) as a special case. The theorem goes beyond previous conjectures in several ways: (1) It does not assume, a-priori, that all plaquettes have the same flux (as in Hofstadter's model); (2) A Hubbard type on-site interaction of any sign, as well as certain longer range interactions, can be included; (3) The conclusion holds for positive temperature as well as the ground state; (4) The results hold in $D \geq 2$ dimensions if there is periodicity in $D-1$ directions (e.g., the cubic lattice has the lowest energy if there is flux $π$ in each square face).

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E. H. Lieb. 1994-10-09. The Flux-Phase of the Half-Filled Band. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.73.2158

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