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Surface Region of Superfluid Helium as an Inhomogeneous Bose-Condensed Gas

A. Griffin·S. Stringari
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Abstract

We present arguments that the low density surface region of self-bounded superfluid $^4$He systems is an inhomogeneous dilute Bose gas, with almost all of the atoms occupying the same single-particle state at $T = 0$. Numerical evidence for this complete Bose-Einstein condensation was first given by the many-body variational calculations of $^4$He droplets by Lewart, Pandharipande and Pieper in 1988. We show that the low density surface region can be treated rigorously using a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the Bose order parameter.

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A. Griffin, S. Stringari. 1995-11-20. Surface Region of Superfluid Helium as an Inhomogeneous Bose-Condensed Gas. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.259

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