Collective excitations of a trapped Bose-condensed gas

Abstract

By taking the hydrodynamic limit we derive, at $T=0$, an explicit solution of the linearized time dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the order parameter of a Bose gas confined in a harmonic trap and interacting with repulsive forces. The dispersion law $ω=ω_0(2n^2+2n\ell+3n+\ell)^{1/2}$ for the elementary excitations is obtained, to be compared with the prediction $ω=ω_0(2n+\ell)$ of the noninteracting harmonic oscillator model. Here $n$ is the number of radial nodes and $\ell$ is the orbital angular momentum. The effects of the kinetic energy pressure, neglected in the hydrodynamic approximation, are estimated using a sum rule approach. Results are also presented for deformed traps and attractive forces.