arXiv2026
We investigate the superconducting behavior, phase coherence, and quantum fluctuation properties of three-dimensional arrays of nanometric Nb Josephson junctions embedded in a normal Cu matrix ($\text{Cu-}x\text{ wt}\%\text{Nb}$, $x = 3, 5, 15,$ and $20$), with emphasis on the $5$ and $15$ compositions. Magnetic properties were measured by dc magnetization as a function of temperature and magnetic field using a SQUID magnetometer and by ac susceptibility. Transport properties, including magnetoresistance, $V(I)$ curves, and the critical current $I_c(H,T)$, were measured at fields up to $90\text{ kOe}$. A micro-Hall sensor with ten transverse voltage bridges ($5.0 \times 0.2 \times 0.01\text{ }μ\text{m}^3$) was used to calibrate the magnetic field actually applied to the sample. Magnetization and transport measurements reveal a double superconducting transition that depends on the applied field and current: $T_c(H)$, with $T_c(0) = 8.2\text{ K}$, is associated with the intragranular response of the Nb grains, whereas the lower $T_c(H)$ is associated with Josephson coupling between grains through the Cu matrix. The response combines that of bulk Nb with signatures of weakly coupled grains, consistent with a collection of superconducting grains embedded in a nonsuperconducting matrix. The characteristic fields $H_{c1} = 400.03\text{ Oe}$ and $H_{c2} = 15\text{ kOe}$ (grains), and $H_{c1j} = 99.93\text{ Oe}$ and $H_{c2j} = 199.25\text{ Oe}$ (intergranular coupling), were determined. The critical current $I_c(H,T)$ exhibits a central maximum at low fields, followed by a long tail and small oscillations with a period of $ΔH \approx 24\text{ Oe}$, attributed to quantum interference between coupled grains. At higher fields, magnetic flux gradients destroy phase coherence and randomize the phase $θ$ of the order parameter $ψ= |ψ|e^{iθ}$, suppressing the oscillations.