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GPS observables in general relativity

Carlo Rovelli
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Abstract

I present a complete set of gauge invariant observables, in the context of general relativity coupled with a minimal amount of realistic matter (four particles). These observables have a straightforward and realistic physical interpretation. In fact, the technology to measure them is realized by the Global Positioning System: they are defined by the physical reference system determined by GPS readings. The components of the metric tensor in this physical reference system are gauge invariant quantities and, remarkably, their evolution equations are local.

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Carlo Rovelli. 2001-10-12. GPS observables in general relativity. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.65.044017

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