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Time (in)dependence in general relativity

S. Deser·J. Franklin
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Abstract

We clarify the conditions for Birkhoff's theorem, that is, time-independence in general relativity. We work primarily at the linearized level where guidance from electrodynamics is particularly useful. As a bonus, we also derive the equivalence principle. The basic time-independent solutions due to Schwarzschild and Kerr provide concrete illustrations of the theorem. Only familiarity with Maxwell's equations and tensor analysis is required.

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S. Deser, J. Franklin. 2006-12-07. Time (in)dependence in general relativity. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2426351

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