The Direct and Indirect Detection of Weakly Interacting Dark Matter Particles

Abstract

An ever-increasing body of evidence suggests that weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) constitute the bulk of the matter in the Universe. Experimental data, dimensional analysis and Standard Model particle physics are sufficient to evaluate and compare the performance of detectors searching for such particles either directly (e.g.\ by their scattering in germanium detectors), or indirectly (e.g.\ by observing their annihilation into neutrinos in underground detectors). We conclude that the direct method is superior if the WIMP interacts coherently and its mass is lower or comparable to the weak boson mass. In all other cases, i.e.\ for relatively heavy WIMPs and for WIMPs interacting incoherently, the indirect method will be competitive or superior, but it is, of course, held hostage to the successful deployment of high energy neutrino telescopes with effective area in the $\sim10^4$--$10^5$~m$^2$ range and with appropriately low threshold. The rule of thumb is that a kilogram of germanium is roughly equivalent to a $10^4$~m$^2$ neutrino telescope, although the signal-to-noise is, at least theoretically, superior for the neutrino detector. The energy resolution of the neutrino telescope may be exploited to measure the WIMP mass and suppress the background. A kilometer-size detector probes WIMP masses up to the TeV-range, beyond which they are excluded by cosmological considerations.