Critical Dynamics of Symmetry Breaking: Quenches, Dissipation and Cosmology

Abstract

Symmetry-breaking phase transitions may leave behind topological defects \cite{Kibble} with a density dependent on the quench rate \cite{Zurek}. We investigate the dynamics of such quenches for the one-dimensional, Landau-Ginzburg case and show that the density of kinks, $n$, scales differently with the quench timescale, $τ_Q$, depending on whether the dynamics in the vicinity of the critical point is overdamped ($n \propto τ_Q^{-1/4}$) or underdamped ($n \propto τ_Q^{-1/3}$). Either of these cases may be relevant to the early Universe, and we derive bounds on the initial density of topological defects in cosmological phase transitions.