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Vortex String Formation in a 3D U(1) Temperature Quench

Nuno D. Antunes·Luis M. A. Bettencourt·Wojciech H. Zurek
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Abstract

We report the first large scale numerical study of the dynamics of the second order phase transition of a U(1) $λϕ^4$ theory in three spatial dimensions. The transition is induced by a time-dependent temperature drop in the heat bath to which the fields are coupled. We present a detailed account of the dynamics of the fields and vortex string formation as a function of the quench rate. The results are found in good agreement to the theory of defect formation proposed by Kibble and Zurek.

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Nuno D. Antunes, Luis M. A. Bettencourt, Wojciech H. Zurek. 1998-11-20. Vortex String Formation in a 3D U(1) Temperature Quench. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.82.2824

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