Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · math/0502148

The Hawaiian earring group is topologically incomplete

Paul Fabel
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The premier exhibition of the following phenomenon: The fundamental group of any Peano continuum constructed in similar fashion to the Hawaiian earring admits two natural distinct topological group structures. However despite being uncountable and regular, neither group is a Baire space and hence neither group admits a compatible complete metric.

Explore related subjects

math.GNmath.GT

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Paul Fabel. 2005-03-06. The Hawaiian earring group is topologically incomplete. https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0502148

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Maximal Center of Distances of Finite Ultrametric Spaces and Perfect Binary Trees

We investigate the finite ultrametric spaces $(X,d)$ that have a given cardinality of the center of distances and a minimal cardinality of the set $X$. It is shown that such spaces are isometric if and only if their centers of distances are the same. The representing trees of these spaces are characterized up to isomorphism.

math.GN↗
arXiv2026

A continuous $3$-distributive frame that is not $\omega$-distributive

We give a negative answer to the question, posed by Ern\'e, whether every $3$-distributive lattice is $\omega$-distributive. More precisely, we exhibit a continuous frame that is $\kappa$-distributive for every integer $\kappa\geq 2$, but is not a wide coframe. The frame is the open-set lattice of a compact, locally compact, countably based $T_0$ topological meet-semilattice, obtained from Lawson's construction in the logarithmic form described by Goubault-Larrecq. The failure of $\omega$-distributivity is witnessed by an explicit matrix with countably many nonempty finite rows: all row joins are the same nonzero element, whereas every choice of one entry from each row has meet zero. The same space answers negatively Ern\'e's accompanying question whether every $4$-web space is a wide web space. All properties of the construction needed for these conclusions are proved directly.

math.GN↗
arXiv2026

An overlooked weakening of perfect normality: Perfect regularity in spaces and locales

We introduce the notion of perfect regularity as an appropriate weakening of perfect normality, both for spaces and locales. Various characterizations are given, using Dedekind-MacNeille completions, injective hulls, and sublocales. We place the new class of perfectly regular frames among various well-studied classes of frames. We also introduce the construction of perfect regularization of a completely regular frame, compare it to Isbell's well-known booleanization construction, and argue that it is at least as important as the latter.

math.GN↗