Asymptotics of Bernoulli random walks, bridges, excursions and meanders with a given number of peaks

Abstract

A Bernoulli random walk is a random trajectory starting from 0 and having i.i.d. increments, each of them being $+1$ or -1, equally likely. The other families cited in the title are Bernoulli random walks under various conditionings. A peak in a trajectory is a local maximum. In this paper, we condition the families of trajectories to have a given number of peaks. We show that, asymptotically, the main effect of setting the number of peaks is to change the order of magnitude of the trajectories. The counting process of the peaks, that encodes the repartition of the peaks in the trajectories, is also studied. It is shown that suitably normalized, it converges to a Brownian bridge which is independent of the limiting trajectory. Applications in terms of plane trees and parallelogram polyominoes are also provided.