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A common algebraic description for probabilistic and quantum computations

Martin Beaudry·Jose M. Fernandez·Markus Holzer
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Abstract

We study the computational complexity of the problem SFT (Sum-free Formula partial Trace): given a tensor formula F over a subsemiring of the complex field (C,+,.) plus a positive integer k, under the restrictions that all inputs are column vectors of L2-norm 1 and norm-preserving square matrices, and that the output matrix is a column vector, decide whether the k-partial trace of $F\dagg{F}$ is superior to 1/2. The k-partial trace of a matrix is the sum of its lowermost k diagonal elements. We also consider the promise version of this problem, where the 1/2 threshold is an isolated cutpoint. We show how to encode a quantum or reversible gate array into a tensor formula which satisfies the above conditions, and vice-versa; we use this to show that the promise version of SFT is complete for the class BPP for formulas over the semiring (Q^+,+,.) of the positive rational numbers, for BQP in the case of formulas defined over the field (Q,+,.), and for P in the case of formulas defined over the Boolean semiring, all under logspace-uniform reducibility. This suggests that the difference between probabilistic and quantum polynomial-time computers may ultimately lie in the possibility, in the latter case, of having destructive interference between computations occuring in parallel.

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Martin Beaudry, Jose M. Fernandez, Markus Holzer. 2002-12-16. A common algebraic description for probabilistic and quantum computations. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0212096

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