arXiv subjects

Ó. Carrión-González

Publications and source records attributed to Ó. Carrión-González.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Exoplanets in reflected starlight with dual-field interferometry: A case for shorter wavelengths and a fifth Unit Telescope at VLTI/Paranal

The direct observation of cold and temperate planets within 1 to 10 AU would be extremely valuable for uncovering their atmospheric compositions but remains a formidable challenge with current astronomical methods. Ground-based optical interferometry, capable of high angular-resolution imaging, offers a promising avenue for studying these exoplanets, complementing space-based observations. Our objective is to explore the fundamental limits of dual-field interferometry and assess its potential for characterizing exoplanets in reflected light using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). We developed analytical expressions to describe the performance of dual-field interferometry and integrated these with simulations of atmospheric wavefronts corrected by extreme Adaptive Optics. An analytical solution for optimal phase apodization was formulated to enhance starlight rejection when injected into a single-mode fibre. This framework was applied to determine the detectability of known exoplanets in reflected light across various wavelength bands for both the current VLTI and a proposed extended version. Our results indicate that employing shorter wavelengths improves detectability, enabling at least seven Jupiter-mass exoplanets to be observed in the J band with current VLTI's baselines. Adding new baselines with lengths beyond 200 meters significantly enhances VLTI's capabilities, increasing the number of detectable exoplanets and revealing potential habitable zone candidates such as $τ$ Ceti e and Proxima Centauri b. To substantially improve the VLTI's exoplanet characterization capabilities, we recommend developing instrumentation at wavelengths shorter than 1$\,μ$m, as well as the addition of a fifth Unit Telescope (UT5).

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arXiv2024

Radiative-convective models of the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: heating sources and seasonal effects

The observations made during the Voyager 2 flyby have shown that the stratosphere of Uranus and Neptune are warmer than expected by previous models. In addition, no seasonal variability of the thermal structure has been observed on Uranus since Voyager 2 era and significant subseasonal variations have been revealed on Neptune. In this paper, we evaluate different realistic heat sources that can induce sufficient heating to warm the atmosphere of these planets and we estimate the seasonal effects on the thermal structure. The seasonal radiative-convective model developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique is used to reproduce the thermal structure of these planets. Three hypotheses for the heating sources are explored separately: aerosol layers, a higher methane mole fraction, and thermospheric conduction. Our modelling indicates that aerosols with plausible scattering properties can produce the requisite heating for Uranus, but not for Neptune. Alternatively, greater stratospheric methane abundances can provide the missing heating on both planets, but the large values needed are inconsistent with current observational constraints. In contrast, adding thermospheric conduction cannot warm alone the stratosphere of both planets. The combination of these heat sources is also investigated. In the upper troposphere of both planets, the meridional thermal structures produced by our model are found inconsistent with those retrieved from Voyager 2/IRIS data. Furthermore, our models predict seasonal variations should exist within the stratospheres of both planets while observations showed that Uranus seems to be invariant to meridional contrasts and only subseasonal temperature trends are visible on Neptune. However, a warm south pole is seen in our simulations of Neptune as observed since 2003.

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arXiv2022

Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE): I. Improved exoplanet detection yield estimates for a large mid-infrared space-interferometer mission

One of the long-term goals of exoplanet science is the atmospheric characterization of dozens of small exoplanets in order to understand their diversity and search for habitable worlds and potential biosignatures. Achieving this goal requires a space mission of sufficient scale. We seek to quantify the exoplanet detection performance of a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer that measures the thermal emission of exoplanets. For this, we have developed an instrument simulator that considers all major astrophysical noise sources and coupled it with Monte Carlo simulations of a synthetic exoplanet population around main-sequence stars within 20 pc. This allows us to quantify the number (and types) of exoplanets that our mission concept could detect over a certain time period. Two different scenarios to distribute the observing time among the stellar targets are discussed and different apertures sizes and wavelength ranges are considered. Within a 2.5-year initial search phase, an interferometer consisting of four 2 m apertures with a total instrument throughput of 5% covering a wavelength range between 4 and 18.5 $μ$m could detect up to ~550 exoplanets with radii between 0.5 and 6 R$_\oplus$ with an integrated SNR$\ge$7. At least ~160 of the detected exoplanets have radii $\le$1.5 R$_\oplus$. Depending on the observing scenario, ~25-45 rocky exoplanets (objects with radii between 0.5 and 1.5 $_{\oplus}$) orbiting within the empirical habitable zone (eHZ) of their host stars are among the detections. With an aperture size of 3.5 m, the total number of detections can increase to up to ~770, including ~60-80 rocky, eHZ planets. With 1 m aperture size, the maximum detection yield is ~315 exoplanets, including $\le$20 rocky, eHZ planets. In terms of predicted detection yield, such a mission can compete with large single-aperture reflected light missions. (abridged)

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arXiv2022

Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE): III. Spectral resolution, wavelength range and sensitivity requirements based on atmospheric retrieval analyses of an exo-Earth

Temperate terrestrial exoplanets are likely common objects, but their discovery and characterization is very challenging. Concepts for optimized space missions to overcome these challenges are being studied. The LIFE initiative focuses on the development of a space-based mid-infrared (MIR) nulling interferometer probing the thermal emission of a large sample of exoplanets. We derive first estimates for the signal-to-noise (S/N), spectral resolution (R), and wavelength requirements for LIFE. Using an Earth-twin exoplanet as reference case, we quantify how well planetary/atmospheric properties can be constrained from MIR spectra of different quality. We simulate LIFE observations of an Earth-twin orbiting a G2V star at 10 pc from the Sun with different levels of exozodiacal dust emissions. We combine a cloud-free 1D radiative transfer model and the nested sampling algorithm to retrieve planetary/atmospheric properties from input spectra of different wavelength coverage, R, and S/N. We find that H2O, CO2, and O3 are detectable if S/N$\geq$10 (uncertainty $\leq\pm1.0$ dex). We find upper limits for N2O (abundance $\leq10^{-3}$). CO, N2, and O2 are unconstrained in all cases. The limit for a CH4 detection is R $= 50$, S/N $=10$. We further correctly determine the exoplanet radius (uncertainty $\leq\pm10\%$), surface temperature (uncertainty $\leq\pm20$K), and surface pressure (uncertainty $\leq\pm0.5$ dex). With the current LIFE design, the observation time required to reach the specified S/N amounts to $\sim7$ weeks with 4x2m apertures. We conclude that a minimum wavelength coverage of $4-18.5μ$m, a R of 50 and an S/N of 10 is required. With the current assumptions, the atmospheric characterization of several Earth-like exoplanets at a distance of 10 pc and within a reasonable amount of observing time will require apertures $\geq2$ meters.

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