arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A. A. Grib.
It is shown that the geodesics with negative energy for rotating black holes cannot originate or terminate inside the ergosphere. Their length is always finite and this leads to conclusion that they must originate and terminate inside the gravitational radius of the ergosphere.
Geodesic completeness needs existence near the horizon of the black hole of "white hole" geodesics coming from the region inside of the horizon. Here we give the classification of all such geodesics with the energies $E/m \le 1$ for the Schwarzschild and Kerr's black hole. The collisions of particles moving along the "white hole" geodesics with those moving along "black hole" geodesics are considered. Formulas for the increase of the energy of collision in the centre of mass frame are obtained and the possibility of observation of high energy particles arriving from the black hole to the Earth is discussed.
Current thinking on the interpretation of quantum physics is reviewed, with special detail given to the Copenhagen and Everett many-worlds interpretations.
It is shown that the energy in the centre of mass frame of two colliding particles in free fall at any point of the ergosphere of the rotating black hole can grow without limit for fixed energy values of particles on infinity. The effect takes place for large negative values of the angular momentum of one of the particles. It occurs that the geodesics with negative energy in equatorial plane of rotating black holes cannot originate or terminate inside the ergosphere. Their length is always finite and this leads to conclusion that they must originate and terminate inside the gravitational radius of the ergosphere. The energy in the centre of mass frame of one particle falling into the gravitational radius and the other arriving from the area inside it is growing without limit on the horizon.
It is shown that the energy in the centre of mass frame of colliding particles in free fall at any point of the ergosphere of the rotating black hole can grow without limit for fixed energy values on infinity. The effect takes place for large negative values of the angular momentum of one of the particles.
Two particle collisions close to the horizon of the rotating nonextremal Kerr's and Schwarzschild black holes are analyzed. For the case of multiple collisions it is shown that high energy in the centre of mass frame occurs due to a great relative velocity of two particles and a large Lorentz factor. The dependence of the relative velocity on the distance to horizon is analyzed, the time of movement from the point in the accretion disc to the point of scattering with large energy as well as the time of back movement to the Earth are calculated. It is shown that they have reasonable order.
The problem of the existence of particles with negative energies inside and outside of Schwarzschild, charged and rotating black holes is investigated. Different definitions of the energy of the particle inside the Schwarzschild black hole are analyzed and it is shown in what cases this energy can be negative. A comparison is made for the cases of rotating black holes described by the Kerr metric when the energy of the particle can be negative in the ergosphere and the Reissner-Nordstrom metric.
Two particle collisions close to the horizon of the rotating nonextremal black hole are analyzed. It is shown that high energy of the order of the Grand Unification scale in the centre of mass of colliding particles can be obtained when there is a multiple collision - the particle from the accretion disc gets the critical momentum in first collision with the other particle close to the horizon and then there is a second collision of the critical particle with the ordinary one. High energy occurs due to a great relative velocity of two particles and a large Lorentz factor. The dependence of the relative velocity on the distance to horizon is analyzed, the time of movement from the point in the accretion disc to the point of scattering with large energy as well as the time of back movement to the Earth are calculated. It is shown that they have reasonable order.
Different models of the role of creation of superheavy particles in the early Friedmann Universe with their subsequent decay on light particles are investigated. The observable numbers of baryon and entropy are predicted. The possible role of superheavy particles in creation of cold dark matter is discussed.
Scattering of particles in the gravitational field of Kerr black holes is considered. It is shown that scattering energy of particles in the centre of mass system can obtain very large values not only for extremal black holes but also for nonextremal ones existing in Nature. This can be used for explanation of still unresolved problem of the origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays observed in Auger experiment. Extraction of energy after the collision is investigated. It is shown that due to the Penrose process the energy of the particle escaping the hole at infinity can be large. Contradictions in the problem of getting high energetic particles escaping the black hole are resolved.
Scattering of particles with different masses and energy in the gravitational field of rotating black holes is considered as outside as inside the black hole. Expressions for scattering energy of particles in the centre of mass system are obtained. It is shown that scattering energy of particles in the centre of mass system can obtain very large values not only for extremal black holes but also for nonextremal ones if one takes into account multiple scattering. Numerical estimates for the time needed for the particle to get ultrarelativistic energy are given.
Scattering of particles in the gravitational field of rotating black holes is considered. Expressions for scattering energy of particles in the centre of mass system are obtained. It is shown that scattering energy of particles in the centre of mass system can obtain very large values not only for extremal black holes but also for nonextremal ones. It is shown that for realizing of the collisions with infinite energy one needs the infinite interval not only of the coordinate time but also the infinite interval of the proper time of the free falling particle.
It is shown that nonlinear terms in equations of gravitons on the background of curved space-time of the expanding Universe can solve the problem of the negative square of the effective mass formally arising in linear approximation for gravitons. Similar to well known spontaneous breaking of symmetry in Goldstone model one must take another vacuum so that nonzero vacuum expectation value of the quantized graviton field leads to change of spectrum for gravitons. There appears two graviton fields, one with the positive mass, another with the zero mass. Energy density and the density of particles created by gravitation of the expanding Universe are calculated for some special cases of the scale factor. Numerical results are obtained for the dust universe case.
A possibility to see the infinite future of the Universe by an astronaut falling into a black hole is discussed and ruled out.
It is shown that nonlinear terms in equations of gravitons on the background of curved space-time of the expanding Universe can solve the problem of the negative square of the effective mass formally arising in linear approximation for gravitons. Similar to well known spontaneous breaking of symmetry in Goldstone model one must take another vacuum so that nonzero vacuum expectation value of the quantized graviton field leads to change of spectrum for gravitons. There appears two graviton fields, one with the positive mass, another with the zero mass. Energy density and the density of particles created by gravitation of the expanding Universe are calculated for some special cases of the scale factor. Numerical of result are obtained for the dust universe case.
The hypothesis that dark matter is converted into visible particles in active galactic nuclei is investigated. If dark matter consists of stable superheavy neutral particles and active galactic nuclei are rotating black holes, then, due to the Penrose process, superheavy particles can decay into unstable particles with larger mass, whose decay into quarks and leptons leads to events in cosmic rays observed by the Auger group. Similar processes of decay of superheavy particles of dark matter into visible matter occurred in the early Universe. Numerical estimates of the processes in active galactic nuclei and in the early Universe are given.
Quantum games are usually considered as games with strategies defined not by the standard Kolmogorovian probabilistic measure but by the probability amplitude used in quantum physics. The reason for the use of the probability amplitude or "quantum probabilistic measure", is the nondistributive lattice occurring in physical situations with quantum microparticles. In our paper we give examples of getting nondistributive orthomodular lattices in some special macroscopic situations without use of quantum microparticles.
The hypothesis that dark matter consists of superheavy particles with the mass close to the Grand Unification scale is investigated. These particles were created from vacuum by the gravitation of the expanding Universe and their decay led to the observable baryon charge. Some part of these particles with the lifetime larger than the time of breaking of the Grand Unification symmetry became metastable and survived up to the modern time as dark matter. However in active galactic nuclei due to large energies of dark matter particles swallowed by the black hole the opposite process can occur. Dark matter particles become interacting. Their decay on visible particles at the Grand Unification energies leads to the flow of ultra high energy cosmic rays observed by the Auger group. Numerical estimates of the effect leading to the observable numbers are given.