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A. D. Kennedy

Publications and source records attributed to A. D. Kennedy.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Investigation of New Methods for Numerical Stochastic Perturbation Theory in $φ^4$ Theory

Numerical stochastic perturbation theory is a powerful tool for estimating high-order perturbative expansions in lattice field theory. The standard algorithms based on the Langevin equation, however, suffer from several limitations which in practice restrict the potential of this technique. In this work we investigate some alternative methods which could in principle improve on the standard approach. In particular, we present a study of the recently proposed Instantaneous Stochastic Perturbation Theory, as well as a formulation of numerical stochastic perturbation theory based on Generalized Hybrid Molecular Dynamics algorithms. The viability of these methods is investigated in $φ^4$ theory.

hep-lat

Renormalizability of the Schrödinger Functional

Symanzik showed that quantum field theory can be formulated on a space with boundaries by including suitable surface interactions in the action to implement boundary conditions. We show that to all orders in perturbation theory all the divergences induced by these surface interactions can be absorbed by a renormalization of their coefficients.

hep-lat

Numerical determination of partial spectrum of Hermitian matrices using a Lanczos method with selective reorthogonalization

We introduce a new algorithm for finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Hermitian matrices within a specified region, based upon the LANSO algorithm of Parlett and Scott. It uses selective reorthogonalization to avoid the duplication of eigenpairs in finite-precision arithmetic, but uses a new bound to decide when such reorthogonalization is required, and only reorthogonalizes with respect to eigenpairs within the region of interest. We investigate its performance for the Hermitian Wilson--Dirac operator (γ_5D) in lattice quantum chromodynamics, and compare it with previous methods.

hep-lat

Shadow Hamiltonians, Poisson Brackets, and Gauge Theories

Numerical lattice gauge theory computations to generate gauge field configurations including the effects of dynamical fermions are usually carried out using algorithms that require the molecular dynamics evolution of gauge fields using symplectic integrators. Sophisticated integrators are in common use but are hard to optimise, and force-gradient integrators show promise especially for large lattice volumes. We explain why symplectic integrators lead to very efficient Monte Carlo algorithms because they exactly conserve a shadow Hamiltonian. The shadow Hamiltonian may be expanded in terms of Poisson brackets, and can be used to optimize the integrators. We show how this may be done for gauge theories by extending the formulation of Hamiltonian mechanics on Lie groups to include Poisson brackets and shadows, and by giving a general method for the practical computation of forces, force-gradients, and Poisson brackets for gauge theories.

hep-lat

Monte Carlo Integration with Subtraction

This paper investigates a class of algorithms for numerical integration of a function in d dimensions over a compact domain by Monte Carlo methods. We construct a histogram approximation to the function using a partition of the integration domain into a set of bins specified by some parameters. We then consider two adaptations; the first is to subtract the histogram approximation, whose integral we may easily evaluate explicitly, from the function and integrate the difference using Monte Carlo; the second is to modify the bin parameters in order to make the variance of the Monte Carlo estimate of the integral the same for all bins. This allows us to use Student's t-test as a trigger for rebinning, which we claim is more stable than the χ-squared test that is commonly used for this purpose. We provide a program that we have used to study the algorithm for the case where the histogram is represented as a product of one-dimensional histograms. We discuss the assumptions and approximations made, as well as giving a pedagogical discussion of the myriad ways in which the results of any such Monte Carlo integration program can be misleading.

physics.comp-ph

Algorithms for Dynamical Fermions

This is the write-up of three lectures on algorithms for dynamical fermions that were given at the ILFTN workshop 'Perspectives in Lattice QCD' in Nara during November 2005. The first lecture is on the fundamentals of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods and introduces the Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm and symplectic integrators; the second lecture covers topics in approximation theory and thereby introduces the Rational Hybrid Monte Carlo (RHMC) algorithm and ways of evading integrator instabilities by means of multiple pseudofermion fields; the third lecture introduces on-shell chiral (Ginsparg-Wilson) lattice fermions and discusses five-dimensional formulations for computing fermion propagators for such fermions.

hep-lat

Bounds on the convergence of Ritz values from Krylov subspaces to interior eigenvalues of Hermitean matrices

We consider bounds on the convergence of Ritz values from a sequence of Krylov subspaces to interior eigenvalues of Hermitean matrices. These bounds are useful in regions of low spectral density, for example near voids in the spectrum, as is required in many applications. Our bounds are obtained by considering the usual Kaniel-Paige-Saad formalism applied to the shifted and squared matrix.

math.NA

Improving dynamical lattice QCD simulations through integrator tuning using Poisson brackets and a force-gradient integrator

We show how the integrators used for the molecular dynamics step of the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm can be further improved. These integrators not only approximately conserve some Hamiltonian $H$ but conserve exactly a nearby shadow Hamiltonian $\tilde{H}$. This property allows for a new tuning method of the molecular dynamics integrator and also allows for a new class of integrators (force-gradient integrators) which is expected to reduce significantly the computational cost of future large-scale gauge field ensemble generation.

hep-lat

Better HMC integrators for dynamical simulations

We show how to improve the molecular dynamics step of Hybrid Monte Carlo, both by tuning the integrator using Poisson brackets measurements and by the use of force gradient integrators. We present results for moderate lattice sizes.

hep-lat

Time symmetric Bloch-Nordsieck infrared cancellation

It is usually assumed that the infrared divergences that occur for virtual photons in Feynman diagrams cancel against the corresponding divergences in phase space integrals for the emission of real soft photons. If this were the case then why do the corresponding phase space integrals for the absorption of real soft photons not diverge too, as one might expect on grounds of time-reversal symmetry, and if so what cancels these divergences? We show that this apparent time asymmetry is an artifact of the way that the diagrams are calculated, and we introduce a procedure for such calculations that is manifestly time symmetric. Moreover, we show that it is not mathematically meaningful to distinguish arbitrarily soft massless particles of positive and negative energy.

hep-ph

Tuning the strange quark mass in lattice simulations

QCD lattice simulations with 2+1 flavours typically start at rather large up-down and strange quark masses and extrapolate first the strange quark mass to its physical value and then the up-down quark mass. An alternative method of tuning the quark masses is discussed here in which the singlet quark mass is kept fixed, which ensures that the kaon always has mass less than the physical kaon mass. It can also take into account the different renormalisations (for singlet and non-singlet quark masses) occurring for non-chirally invariant lattice fermions and so allows a smooth extrapolation to the physical quark masses. This procedure enables a wide range of quark masses to be probed, including the case with a heavy up-down quark mass and light strange quark mass. Results show the correct order for the baryon octet and decuplet spectrum and an extrapolation to the physical pion mass gives mass values to within a few percent of their experimental values.

hep-lat

Force Gradient Integrators

We present initial results of the use of Force Gradient integrators for lattice field theories. These promise to give significant performance improvements, especially for light fermions and large lattices. Our results show that this is indeed the case, indicating a speed-up of more than a factor of two, which is expected to increase as the integration step size becomes smaller for larger lattices and smaller fermion masses.

hep-lat

Results from 2+1 flavours of SLiNC fermions

QCD results are presented for a 2+1 flavour fermion clover action (which we call the SLiNC action). A method of tuning the quark masses to their physical values is discussed. In this method the singlet quark mass is kept fixed, which solves the problem of different renormalisations (for singlet and non-singlet quark masses) occuring for non-chirally invariant lattice fermions. This procedure enables a wide range of quark masses to be probed, including the case with a heavy up-down quark mass and light strange quark mass. Preliminary results show the correct splittings for the baryon (octet and) decuplet spectrum.

hep-lat

Non-perturbative improvement of stout-smeared three flavour clover fermions

We discuss a 3-flavour lattice QCD action with clover improvement in which the fermion matrix has single level stout smearing for the hopping terms together with unsmeared links for the clover term. With the (tree-level) Symanzik improved gluon action this constitutes the Stout Link Non-perturbative Clover or SLiNC action. To cancel O(a) terms the clover term coefficient has to be tuned. We present here results of a non-perturbative determination of this coefficient using the Schroedinger functional and as a by-product a determination of the critical hopping parameter. Comparisons of the results are made with lowest order perturbation theory.

hep-lat

Clover improvement for stout-smeared 2+1 flavour SLiNC fermions: non-perturbative results

We discuss an action in which the fermion matrix has single level stout smearing for the hopping terms together with unsmeared links for the clover term. With the (tree level) Symanzik improved gluon action this constitutes the Stout Link Non-perturbative Clover or SLiNC action. To cancel O(a) terms the clover coefficient, csw, has to be tuned. We present here preliminary results of a non-perturbative determination of csw using the Schrodinger functional and as a by-product also a determination of the critical hopping parameter. A determination of the renormalisation constant for the local vector current is also given. Comparisons of the results are made with lowest order perturbation theory results.

hep-lat

Tuning HMC using Poisson brackets

We discuss how the integrators used for the Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm not only approximately conserve some Hamiltonian $H$ but exactly conserve a nearby shadow Hamiltonian (\tilde H), and how the difference $ΔH \equiv \tilde H - H $ may be expressed as an expansion in Poisson brackets. By measuring average values of these Poisson brackets over the equilibrium distribution $\propto e^{-H}$ generated by HMC we can find the optimal integrator parameters from a single simulation. We show that a good way of doing this in practice is to minimize the variance of $ΔH$ rather than its magnitude, as has been previously suggested. Some details of how to compute Poisson brackets for gauge and fermion fields, and for nested and force gradient integrators are also presented.

hep-lat

Physical Results from 2+1 Flavor Domain Wall QCD and SU(2) Chiral Perturbation Theory

We have simulated QCD using 2+1 flavors of domain wall quarks on a $(2.74 {\rm fm})^3$ volume with an inverse lattice scale of $a^{-1} = 1.729(28)$ GeV. The up and down (light) quarks are degenerate in our calculations and we have used four values for the ratio of light quark masses to the strange (heavy) quark mass in our simulations: 0.217, 0.350, 0.617 and 0.884. We have measured pseudoscalar meson masses and decay constants, the kaon bag parameter $B_K$ and vector meson couplings. We have used SU(2) chiral perturbation theory, which assumes only the up and down quark masses are small, and SU(3) chiral perturbation theory to extrapolate to the physical values for the light quark masses. While next-to-leading order formulae from both approaches fit our data for light quarks, we find the higher order corrections for SU(3) very large, making such fits unreliable. We also find that SU(3) does not fit our data when the quark masses are near the physical strange quark mass. Thus, we rely on SU(2) chiral perturbation theory for accurate results. We use the masses of the $Ω$ baryon, and the $π$ and $K$ mesons to set the lattice scale and determine the quark masses. We then find $f_π= 124.1(3.6)_{\rm stat}(6.9)_{\rm syst} {\rm MeV}$, $f_K = 149.6(3.6)_{\rm stat}(6.3)_{\rm syst} {\rm MeV}$ and $f_K/f_π= 1.205(0.018)_{\rm stat}(0.062)_{\rm syst}$. Using non-perturbative renormalization to relate lattice regularized quark masses to RI-MOM masses, and perturbation theory to relate these to $\bar{\rm MS}$ we find $ m_{ud}^{\bar{\rm MS}}(2 {\rm GeV}) = 3.72(0.16)_{\rm stat}(0.33)_{\rm ren}(0.18)_{\rm syst} {\rm MeV}$ and $m_{s}^{\bar{\rm MS}}(2 {\rm GeV}) = 107.3(4.4)_{\rm stat}(9.7)_{\rm ren}(4.9)_{\rm syst} {\rm MeV}$.

hep-lat

Automating Renormalization of Quantum Field Theories

We give an overview of state-of-the-art multi-loop Feynman diagram computations, and explain how we use symbolic manipulation to generate renormalized integrals that are then evaluated numerically. We explain how we automate BPHZ renormalization using "henges" and "sectors", and give a brief description of the symbolic tensor and Dirac gamma-matrix manipulation that is required. We shall compare the use of general computer algebra systems such as Maple with domain-specific languages such as FORM, highlighting in particular memory management issues.

hep-ph