arXiv subjects

A. E. Volvach

Publications and source records attributed to A. E. Volvach.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Exploring the multi-wavelength properties of the high energetic event ZTF20abbiixp/GRB 200524A: from prompt emission to afterglow

We conducted a comprehensive multi-wavelength analysis of a high energetic long-duration ZTF20abbiixp / GRB~200524A detected by \textit{Fermi} Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM). Our study combines extended high-energy observations from multiple space-based observatories including \textit{Fermi} with broadband afterglow data spanning X-ray to radio wavelengths, complemented by extensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up from several ground-based optical facilities worldwide like 3.6-m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT). ZTF20abbiixp / GRB~200524A exhibits almost negligible spectral lag, likely arising from the presence of multiple overlapping emission episodes, a property uncommon among long-duration bursts. The burst additionally shows a clear intensity-tracking evolution of the prompt-emission spectral parameters. The broadband afterglow light curve best fits with a broken powerlaw with a break at $10^{5}$ s since the GBM trigger. The electron powerlaw index (p) calculated from the temporal and spectral slopes fail to distinguish between a interstellar medium and a wind environment. Our custom-developed afterglow model fits the panchromatic data well, combining forward shock (FS) and reverse shock (RS) emission. The RS contribution required to fit the early time optical data. The inferred afterglow model parameters suggest that ZTF20abbiixp / GRB~200524A is a high energetic burst expanding into a dense ISM environment, with a relatively large value of the fraction of energy going to accelerating electron and magnetic field ($ε_B$).

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arXiv2026

Multi-band optical photometric variability of the blazar OJ 287 from 2015 to 2025

We present the most densely sampled multi-band optical photometric observations of the peculiar BL Lacertae object OJ 287 from 2015 to 2025 with a focus on its optical activity on diverse timescales. We present a total of 2296, 10927, 11484, and 2982 data points in B, V, R, and I bands, respectively. The densely sampled observations allow us to keep track of the source evolution that it has exhibited since the start of the predicted major optical flaring activity at the end of 2015. The study reveals clear and persistent bluer when brighter trends in both the long-term and short-term variations. Different bands were cross-correlated with discrete correlation functions, which peak at zero lag, implying co-spatial emission. Using eight optical spectra in the low flux states of OJ 287 taken from 2017 October 21 to 2017 November 22, from Steward Observatory, we estimate the central black hole mass to be at least 3.89 $\times \ \rm{10}^{9} \ \rm{M}_{\odot}$ from the [O III] line width. The emission mechanism of the binary black hole blazar, and its possible implication in various aspects of multi-messenger astronomy are briefly discussed.

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arXiv2026

Multiwavelength quasi-periodic variability of the blazar Ton 599

During the last 40-50 years, the TeV blazar Ton 599 has systematically experienced major outbursts detected in a wide wavelength range from radio to $γ$-rays. In this work, we present an analysis of Ton 599 quasi-periodic variability across multiple wavelengths using an observing baseline from 1983 to 2025. The $γ$-ray, optical, and radio emissions are found to be highly correlated with time lags $\sim0$-$360$ days, which indicates that they are triggered by the same population of particles. Using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and the Weighted Wavelet Z-transform, we revealed several periodic components with characteristic periods of 1.4, 1.7, 2.3, 6.5, and 7.5 yrs. The result is consistent with the detection of periodic components in the 1997-2011 light curves, which means that we observe the same mechanism causing long-term periodic variability. A model of a binary supermassive black hole (SMBH) with a precessing jet, applied to the radio light curves of Ton 599, yields frequency-dependent best-fitting parameters with orbital periods ranging from $\sim$1.2 to 1.7 yrs and precession periods from $\sim$5.8 to 7.7 yrs. This result implies the existence of an SMBH system modulating emission through both the orbiting and jet precession effects, with differing observed periods possibly reflecting frequency-dependent emission regions along a structured, stratified jet. Nonetheless, the short-term periodicity and exceptionally strong flares likely arise from internal jet shocks, which aligns with typical blazar behavior. We suggest that the multiband quasi-periodicity of Ton 599 is reasonably described by a combination of geometric effects (orbital motion and precession) and stochastic processes.

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arXiv2026

GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B

Rapid localisation and follow-up of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) increasingly rely on low-latency triggers from new missions coupled to wide-field robotic optical facilities. We present the discovery and multi-wavelength follow-up of GRB 250818B, detected by the Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) and localised optically by the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO). We compile and homogenise X-ray, optical/NIR, and radio data to build broadband light curves and spectral energy distributions. The afterglow is unusually luminous for a nominal short GRB, lying on the bright end of the short-GRB population in X-rays and optical and among the most luminous high-redshift short-GRB afterglows in the radio. MeerKAT detects the source at 3.1 GHz, while ALMA provides deep higher-frequency limits. Keck/LRIS spectroscopy shows continuum and metal absorption (Fe II, Mg II, Mg I), giving $z=1.216$. Synchrotron forward-shock modelling favours a constant-density medium and strongly prefers refreshed (energy-injection) emission, well described by a two-component jet with $E_{K,iso} \sim 4\times10^{52}$ erg, $n_0 \sim 3.6$ cm$^{-3}$, $θ_j \simeq 0.10$ rad ($\sim 5.7$ deg), and $p \simeq 1.64$. The host association is ambiguous: the nearest LS DR10 galaxy candidate ($r_{AB} \sim 24.7$) is offset by $\sim 4$ arcsec ($\sim 34$ kpc) with chance-alignment probability $P_{cc} \sim 0.2$, and current imaging does not exclude a fainter, near-coincident host. SED fitting of the candidate host suggests a low-mass galaxy. GRB 250818B highlights the power of rapid wide-field counterpart identification in the SVOM era, while host-association uncertainty can still limit offset-based interpretation.

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arXiv2025

Radio and Optical Properties of the blazar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21

We present a study of the radio and optical properties of the high-frequency peaker (HFP) blazar PKS 1614+051 at $z=3.21$ based on the data covering the time period of 1997-2024. The radio data are represented by the almost instantaneous 1-22 GHz measurements from the SAO RAS RATAN-600 radio telescope, the 5 and 8 GHz data from the IAA RAS RT-32 telescopes, and the 37 GHz data from the RT-22 telescope of CrAO RAS. The optical measurements in the $R$ band were collected with the SAO RAS 1-m Zeiss-1000 and 0.5-m AS-500/2 telescopes and the ZTF archive data. We have found low overall variability indices (0.1-0.2) and a spectral peak around 4.6 GHz, which is stable during the long-term period of monitoring. An analysis of the radio light curves reveals significant time delays (0.6 to 6.4 years) between the radio frequencies along with variability timescales ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 years in the source's rest frame, which is similar to the blazars at lower redshifts. Spectral modeling suggests the presence of both synchrotron-self absorption (SSA) and free-free absorption (FFA) processes. Based on the SSA model, we provide estimates of the magnetic field strength, which peaks at $\sim\!30$ mG. A spectroscopic study with the BTA SCORPIO-I spectrograph has found signs of the regular motion of a neutral hydrogen envelope around the blazar center, which confirms the presence of enough gaseous matter to form an external FFA screen. The results highlight the importance of multiwavelength and long-term monitoring to understand the physical mechanisms driving the variability in high-redshift blazars.

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arXiv2024

Multiwavelength variability of the blazar AO 0235+164

We present a study of the multiwavelength (MW) variability of the blazar AO 0235+164 based on the radio-to-$γ$-ray data covering a long time period from 1997 to 2023. The radio data are represented by the 1-22 GHz measurements from the RATAN-600 radio telescope, the 5 and 8 GHz data from the RT-32 telescopes, and the 37 GHz data from the RT-22 telescope. The optical measurements in the $R$-band were collected with the 1-m Zeiss-1000 and 0.5-m AS-500/2 telescopes. Additionally we used the archive data at 230~GHz from the SMA and the $γ$-ray data in the 0.1-100 GeV band from the Fermi-LAT point source 4FGL-DR2 catalogue. The variability properties during four epochs containing major flares and one epoch of relatively low activity were analysed. A significant correlation ($\geq\!2σ$) between the radio, optical, and $γ$-ray bands is found for all these periods with time delays from 0 to 1.7 yrs. The relation between time delay and frequency is described by a linear law with a negative slope of -10 day/GHz. The discovered properties of MW variability for the low activity period and for flaring states suggest that the mechanisms dominating the radio-$γ$-ray variations are not substantially different. The detected quasi-periodic oscillations of about 6 and 2 years are tentative, as the time span of the observations includes fewer than 4 full cycles for the radio and optical data and only about 3 cycles for the Fermi-LAT data. The physical parameters of the radio jet were obtained using the Hedgehog model applied to the average radio spectrum of AO 0235+164 in the range 0.1-300 GHz. The effectiveness of replacing electrons with protons in the synchrotron radio emission of relativistic jets is shown for describing the nature of blazars and the generation of high energy neutrinos.

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arXiv2024

Optical and Radio Variability of the Blazar S4 0954+658

We present an optical-to-radio study of the BL Lac object S4 0954+658 observations during 1998-2023. The measurements were obtained with the SAO RAS Zeiss-1000 1-m and AS-500/2 0.5-m telescopes in 2003-2023, with the RATAN-600 radio telescope at 1.25 (0.96, 1.1), 2.3, 4.7 (3.7, 3.9), 8.2 (7.7), 11.2, 22.3 (21.7) GHz in 1998-2023, with the IAA RAS RT-32 Zelenchukskaya and Badary telescopes at 5.05 and 8.63 GHz in 2020--2023, and with the RT-22 single-dish telescope of CrAO RAS at 36.8 GHz in 2009-2023. In this period the blazar had been showing extremely high broadband activity with the variability amplitude of flux densities up to 70-100% both in the optical and radio domains. In the period of 2014-2023 the blazar had been showing the historically highest activity in the radio wavelengths, and we detected multiple radio flares of varying amplitude and duration. The large flares last on average from 0.3 to 1 year at 22-36.8 GHz and slightly longer at 5-11.2 GHz. The optical flares are shorter and last 7-50 days. In the most active epoch of 2018-2023 the characteristic time scale $τ$ of variation at 5-22 GHz is about 100 days and about 1000 days for the state with lower activity in 2009-2014. We found a general correlation between the optical, radio, and $γ$-ray flux variations, which suggests that we observe the same photon population from different emission regions. We estimated linear size of this region as 0.5-2 pc for different epochs. A broadband two components radio spectrum of S4 0954+658 jet was modelled by using both electrons and protons as emitting particles. It is shown that the synchrotron radio waves in this AGN may be generated by relativistic protons.

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arXiv2024

GRB 201015A: from seconds to months of optical monitoring and supernova discovery

We present full photometric coverage and spectroscopic data for soft GRB 201015A with a redshift z = 0.426. Our data spans a time range of 85 days following the detection of GRB. These observations revealed an underlying supernova SN 201015A with a maximum at $8.54 \pm $1.48 days (rest frame) and an optical peak absolute magnitude $-19.45_{-0.47}^{+0.85}$ mag. The supernova stands out clearly, since the contribution of the afterglow at this time is not dominant, which made it possible to determine SN's parameters. A comparison of these parameters reveals that the SN 201015A is the earliest (the minimum $T_{max}$) known supernova associated with gamma-ray bursts. Spectroscopic observations during the supernova decay stage showed broad lines, indicating a large photospheric velocity, and identified this supernova as a type Ic-BL. Thus, the SN 201015A associated with the GRB 201015A becomes the 27th SN/GRB confirmed by both photometric and spectroscopic observations. Using the results of spectral analysis based on the available data of Fermi-GBM experiment, the parameters $E_\text{p,i} = 20.0 \pm 8.5$ keV and $E_\text{iso} = (1.1 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{50}$ erg were obtained. According to the position of the burst on the $E_\text{p,i}$-$E_\text{iso}$ correlation, GRB 201015A was classified as a Type II (long) gamma-ray burst, which was also confirmed by the $T_\text{90,i}$-$EH$ diagram.

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arXiv2023

Multi-wavelength temporal variability of the blazar PKS 1510-089

We perform correlation and periodicity search analyses on long-term multi-band light curves of the FSRQ 1510-089 observed by the space-based Fermi--Large Area Telescope in gamma-rays, the SMARTS and Steward Observatory telescopes in optical and near-infrared (NIR) and the 13.7 m radio telescope in Metsahovi Radio Observatory between 2008 and 2018. The z-transform discrete correlation function method is applied to study the correlation and possible time lags among these multi band light curves. Among all pairs of wavelengths, the gamma-ray vs. optical/NIR and optical vs. NIR correlations show zero time lags; however, both the gamma-ray and optical/NIR emissions precede the radio radiation. The Generalized Lomb-Scargle periodogram, Weighted Wavelet Z-transform, and REDFIT techniques are employed to investigate the unresolved-core-emission dominated 37 GHz light curve and yield evidence for a quasi-period around 1540 days, although given the length of the whole data set it cannot be claimed to be significant. We also investigate the optical/NIR color variability and find that this source shows a simple redder-when-brighter behavior over time, even in the low flux state.

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arXiv2023

A Keplerian disk with a four-arm spiral birthing an episodically accreting high-mass protostar

High-mass protostars (M$_{\star} >$ 8 M$_{\odot}$) are thought to gain the majority of their mass via short, intense bursts of growth. This episodic accretion is thought to be facilitated by gravitationally unstable and subsequently inhomogeneous accretion disks. Limitations of observational capabilities, paired with a lack of observed accretion burst events has withheld affirmative confirmation of the association between disk accretion, instability and the accretion burst phenomenon in high-mass protostars. Following its 2019 accretion burst, a heat-wave driven by a burst of radiation propagated outward from the high-mass protostar G358.93-0.03-MM1. Six VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) observations of the raditively pumped 6.7 GHz methanol maser were conducted during this period, tracing ever increasing disk radii as the heat-wave propagated outward. Concatenating the VLBI maps provided a sparsely sampled, milliarcsecond view of the spatio-kinematics of the accretion disk covering a physical range of $\sim$ 50 - 900 AU. We term this observational approach `heat-wave mapping'. We report the discovery of a Keplerian accretion disk with a spatially resolved four-arm spiral pattern around G358.93-0.03-MM1. This result positively implicates disk accretion and spiral arm instabilities into the episodic accretion high-mass star formation paradigm.

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arXiv2021

Powerful flare phenomena in water vapor maser lines in the emerging protostellar system with protoplanetary disks IRAS 16293-2422

Based on the long-term monitoring data of the water maser since 2019.0 to 2021.0 allowed us detecting in IRAS 16293-2422 two powerful phenomena lasted about year at radial velocities near 6 and 8 km s$^{-1}$. In both cases, powerful short flares were located on the tops of less powerful, but more prolonged ones (2.5 and 0.5 kJy), radiation of which initiated the emission of more powerful flares. For the first time, configurations of several emitting maser spots located at the line of sight to the observer were discovered experimentally. This made it possible to confirm the hypothesis of activation of the water maser, based on an increase in the amplification length of the maser due to several maser condensations located at the line of sight to the observer. The unsaturated state of the most powerful and shortest maser flares, as well as the saturated state of the weak, has been established. New important parameters of the water maser and the assumed location of the maser spots have been obtained.

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arXiv2019

Long term variability and correlation study of the blazar 3C 454.3 in radio, NIR and optical wavebands

We performed a long-term optical (B, V, R bands), infra-red (J and K bands) and radio band (15, 22, 37 GHz band) study on the flat spectrum radio quasar, 3C 454.3, using the data collected over a period of more than 8 years (MJD 54500--57500). The temporal variability, spectral properties and inter-waveband correlations were studied by dividing the available data into smaller segments with more regular sampling. This helped us constrain the size and the relative locations of the emission regions for different wavebands. Spectral analysis of the source revealed the interplay between the accretion disk and jet emission. The source predominantly showed a redder-when-brighter trend, though we observed a bluer-when-brighter trend at high flux levels which could be signatures of particle acceleration and radiative cooling. Significant correlations with near-zero lag were seen between various optical/infra-red bands, indicating that these emission regions are co-spatial. Correlations with a time lag of about 10--100 days are seen between optical/infra-red and radio bands indicating these emissions arise from different regions. We also observe the DCF peak lag change from year to year. We try to explain these differences using a curved jet model where the different emission regions have different viewing angles resulting in a frequency dependent Doppler factor. This variable Doppler factor model explains the variability timescales and the variation in DCF peak lag between the radio and optical emissions in different segments. Lags of 6-180 days are seen between emissions in various radio bands, indicating a core-shift effect

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arXiv2019

Sub-arcsecond (sub)millimeter imaging of the massive protocluster G358.93-0.03: Discovery of 14 new methanol maser lines associated with a hot core

We present (sub)millimeter imaging at 0.5'' resolution of the massive star-forming region G358.93-0.03 acquired in multiple epochs at 2 and 3 months following the recent flaring of its 6.7 GHz methanol maser emission. Using SMA and ALMA, we have discovered 14 new Class II methanol maser lines ranging in frequency from 199 GHz to 361 GHz, which originate mostly from vt=1 torsionally-excited transitions and include one vt=2 transition. The latter detection provides the first observational evidence that Class II maser pumping involves levels in the vt=2 state. The masers are associated with the brightest continuum source (MM1), which hosts a line-rich hot core. The masers present a consistent curvilinear spatial velocity pattern that wraps around MM1, suggestive of a coherent physical structure 1200 au in extent. In contrast, the thermal lines exhibit a linear pattern that crosses MM1 but at progressive position angles that appear to be a function of either increasing temperature or decreasing optical depth. The maser spectral profiles evolved significantly over one month, and the intensities dropped by factors of 3.0 to 7.2, with the vt=2 line showing the largest change. A small area of maser emission from only the highest excitation lines closest to MM1 has disappeared. There are seven additional dust continuum sources in the protocluster, including another hot core (MM3). We do not find evidence for a significant change in (sub)millimeter continuum emission from any of the sources during the one month interval, and the total protocluster emission remains comparable to prior single dish measurements.

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arXiv2019

A multi-wavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012-2015

We investigate the prompt emission and the afterglow properties of short duration gamma-ray burst (sGRB) 130603B and another eight sGRB events during 2012-2015, observed by several multi-wavelength facilities including the GTC 10.4m telescope. Prompt emission high energy data of the events were obtained by INTEGRAL/SPI/ACS, Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM satellites. The prompt emission data by INTEGRAL in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV for sGRB 130603B, sGRB 140606A, sGRB 140930B, sGRB 141212A and sGRB 151228A do not show any signature of the extended emission or precursor activity and their spectral and temporal properties are similar to those seen in case of other short bursts. For sGRB130603B, our new afterglow photometric data constraints the pre jet-break temporal decay due to denser temporal coverage. For sGRB 130603B, the afterglow light curve, containing both our new as well as previously published photometric data is broadly consistent with the ISM afterglow model. Modeling of the host galaxies of sGRB 130603B and sGRB 141212A using the LePHARE software supports a scenario in which the environment of the burst is undergoing moderate star formation activity. From the inclusion of our late-time data for 8 other sGRBs we are able to; place tight constraints on the non-detection of the afterglow, host galaxy or any underlying kilonova emission. Our late-time afterglow observations of the sGRB 170817A/GW170817 are also discussed and compared with the sub-set of sGRBs.

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arXiv2017

A peculiar multi-wavelength flare in the Blazar 3C 454.3

The blazar 3C454.3 exhibited a strong flare seen in gamma-rays, X-rays, and optical/NIR bands during 3--12 December 2009. Emission in the V and J bands rose more gradually than did the gamma-rays and soft X-rays, though all peaked at nearly the same time. Optical polarization measurements showed dramatic changes during the flare, with a strong anti-correlation between optical flux and degree of polarization (which rose from ~ 3% to ~ 20%) during the declining phase of the flare. The flare was accompanied by large rapid swings in polarization angle of ~ 170 degree. This combination of behaviors appear to be unique. We have cm-band radio data during the same period but they show no correlation with variations at higher frequencies. Such peculiar behavior may be explained using jet models incorporating fully relativistic effects with a dominant source region moving along a helical path or by a shock-in-jet model incorporating three-dimensional radiation transfer if there is a dominant helical magnetic field. We find that spectral energy distributions at different times during the flare can be fit using modified one-zone models where only the magnetic field strength and particle break frequencies and normalizations need change. An optical spectrum taken at nearly the same time provides an estimate for the central black hole mass of ~ 2.3 * 10^9 M_sun. We also consider two weaker flares seen during the $\sim 200$ d span over which multi-band data are available. In one of them, the V and J bands appear to lead the $γ$-ray and X-ray bands by a few days; in the other, all variations are simultaneous.

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arXiv2017

Core shift effect in blazars

We studied the pc-scale core shift effect using radio light curves for three blazars, S5 0716+714, 3C 279 and BL Lacertae, which were monitored at five frequencies ($ν$) between 4.8 GHz and 36.8 GHz using the University of Michigan Radio Astronomical Observatory (UMRAO), the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (CrAO), and Metsahovi Radio Observatory for over 40 years. Flares were Gaussian fitted to derive time delays between observed frequencies for each flare ($Δt$), peak amplitude ($A$), and their half width. Using $A \propto ν^α$ we infer $α$ in the range $-$16.67 to 2.41 and using $Δt \propto ν^{1/k_r}$, we infer $k_r \sim 1$, employed in the context of equipartition between magnetic and kinetic energy density for parameter estimation. From the estimated core position offset ($Ω_{r ν}$) and the core radius ($r_{\rm core}$), we infer that opacity model may not be valid in all cases. The mean magnetic field strength at 1 pc ($B_1$) and at the core ($B_{\rm core}$), are in agreement with previous estimates. We apply the magnetically arrested disk model to estimate black hole spins in the range $0.15-0.9$ for these blazars, indicating that the model is consistent with expected accretion mode in such sources. The power law shaped power spectral density has slopes $-$1.3 to $-$2.3 and is interpreted in terms of multiple shocks or magnetic instabilities.

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arXiv2016

Multicolour modelling of SN 2013dx associated with GRB 130702A

We present optical observations of SN 2013dx, related to the Fermi burst GRB 130702A occurred at a redshift z = 0.145. It is the second-best sampled GRB-SN after SN~1998bw: the observational light curves contain more than 280 data points in uBgrRiz filters until 88 day after the burst, and the data were collected from our observational collaboration (Maidanak Observatory, Abastumani Observatory, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Mondy Observatory, National Observatory of Turkey, Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos) and from the literature. We model numerically the multicolour light curves using the one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical code STELLA, previously widely implemented for the modelling of typical non-GRB SNe. The best-fitted model has the following parameters: pre-supernova star mass M = 25 M_Sun, mass of a compact remnant M_CR = 6 M_Sun, total energy of the outburst E_oburst = 3.5 x 10^(52) erg, pre-supernova star radius R = 100 R_Sun, M_56Ni = 0.2 M_Sun which is totally mixed through the ejecta; M_O = 16.6 M_Sun, M_Si = 1.2 M_Sun, and M_Fe = 1.2 M_Sun, and the radiative efficiency of the SN is 0.1 per cent.

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arXiv2015

Optical and Radio Variability of BL Lacertae

We observed the prototype blazar, BL Lacertae, extensively in optical and radio bands during an active phase in the period 2010--2013 when the source showed several prominent outbursts. We searched for possible correlations and time lags between the optical and radio band flux variations using multifrequency data to learn about the mechanisms producing variability. During an active phase of BL Lacertae, we searched for possible correlations and time lags between multifrequency light curves of several optical and radio bands. We tried to estimate any possible variability timescales and inter-band lags in these bands. We performed optical observations in B, V, R and I bands from seven telescopes in Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece and India and obtained radio data at 36.8, 22.2, 14.5, 8 and 4.8 GHz frequencies from three telescopes in Ukraine, Finland and USA. Significant cross-correlations between optical and radio bands are found in our observations with a delay of cm-fluxes with respect to optical ones of ~250 days. The optical and radio light curves do not show any significant timescales of variability. BL Lacertae showed many optical 'mini-flares' on short time-scales. Variations on longer term timescales are mildly chromatic with superposition of many strong optical outbursts. In radio bands, the amplitude of variability is frequency dependent. Flux variations at higher radio frequencies lead the lower frequencies by days or weeks. The optical variations are consistent with being dominated by a geometric scenario where a region of emitting plasma moves along a helical path in a relativistic jet. The frequency dependence of the variability amplitude supports an origin of the observed variations intrinsic to the source.

astro-ph.HE↗