Magnetic Johnson noise from arbitrarily shaped conductors: experimental validation of the fluctuation-dissipation finite-element method
Magnetic Johnson noise--magnetic noise caused by thermal current fluctuations in conducting materials--can interfere with measurements and limit their sensitivity. As the sensitivity of experiments increases, it becomes increasingly important to accurately estimate the magnetic Johnson noise from experimental components with complex shapes during both the design and analysis phases. A particularly powerful approach is to combine the fluctuation-dissipation theorem with finite-element calculations. This versatile approach can be used to calculate the magnetic Johnson noise from conductors of arbitrary geometry for a wide range of frequencies and for magnetic field detectors with general geometries, such as a finite-sized loop or a gradiometer. Using a SQUID gradiometer array, we measured the magnetic Johnson noise from conductors with complex geometries and compared the results with calculations performed using this method. The calculations reproduce both the measured noise amplitude and its frequency dependence, providing an experimental validation of this method. We also performed a detailed analysis of how the geometry and material parameters affect the frequency dependence of magnetic Johnson noise.