arXiv subjects

A. G. Polnarev

Publications and source records attributed to A. G. Polnarev.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2018

Exploding neutron stars in close binaries

The discovery of GW signal from merging neutron stars by LIGO on 17th August 2017 was followed by a short GRB170817A discovered by FERMI and INTEGRAL 1.7 seconds after the loss of the GW signal when it just reached its maximum. Here we present a reproduction of the first paper (published by us in 1984) predicting a short GRB after GW signal of merging neutron stars. Our paper followed the scenario by Clark and Eardley (1977) who predicted a catastrophic disruption of a neutron star in a binary 1.7 seconds after the peak of GW signal. Our next paper in 1990 predicted all the main properties of the short GRB with quite a reasonable accuracy. Typos in English translation are corrected and a few comments are added in the current publication as numbered footnotes (the only footnote from the original paper is marked by an asterisk).

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2016

The evolution of a supermassive retrograde binary embedded in an accretion disk

In this note we discuss the main results of a study of a massive binary with unequal mass ratio, q, embedded in an accretion disk, with its orbital rotation being opposed to that of the disk. When the mass ratio is sufficiently large, a gap opens in the disk, but the mechanism of gap formation is very different from the prograde case. Inward migration occurs on a timescale of t_ev ~ M_p/(dot M), where M_p is the mass of the less massive component (the perturber), and dot M is the accretion rate. When q<< 1, the accretion takes place mostly onto the more massive component, with the accretion rate onto the perturber being smaller than, or of order of, q^(1/3)M. However, this rate increases when supermassive binary black holes are considered and gravitational wave emission is important. We estimate a typical duration of time for which the accretion onto the perturber and gravitational waves could be detected.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2014

The evolution of a binary in a retrograde circular orbit embedded in an accretion disk

Supermassive black hole binaries may form as a consequence of galaxy mergers. Both prograde and retrograde orbits have been proposed. We study a binary of a small mass ratio, q, in a retrograde orbit immersed in and interacting with a gaseous accretion disk in order to estimate time scales for inward migration leading to coalescence and the accretion rate to the secondary component. We employ both semi-analytic methods and two dimensional numerical simulations, focusing on the case where the binary mass ratio is small but large enough to significantly perturb the disk. We develop the theory of type I migration for this case and determine conditions for gap formation finding that then inward migration occurs on a time scale equal to the time required for one half of the secondary mass to be accreted through the unperturbed disk, with accretion onto the secondary playing only a minor role. The semi-analytic and fully numerical approaches are in good agreement, the former being applicable over long time scales. Inward migration induced by interaction with the disk alleviates the final parsec problem. Accretion onto the secondary does not significantly affect the orbital evolution, but may have observational consequences for high accretion efficiency. The binary may then appear as two sources of radiation rotating around each other. This study should be extended to consider orbits with significant eccentricity and the effects of gravitational radiation at small length scales. Note too that torques acting between a circumbinary disk and a retrograde binary orbit may cause the mutual inclination to increase on a timescale that can be similar to, or smaller than that for orbital evolution, depending on detailed parameters. This is also an aspect for future study (abridged).

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2014

Investigating formation condition of primordial black holes for generalized initial perturbation profiles

gr-qc↗

arXiv2014

Identifying the most crucial parameters of the initial curvature profile for primordial black hole formation

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are an important tool in cosmology to probe the primordial spectrum of small-scale curvature perturbations that reenter the cosmological horizon during radiation domination epoch. We numerically solve the evolution of spherically symmetric highly perturbed configurations to clarify the criteria of PBHs formation using an extremely wide class of curvature profiles characterized by five parameters, (in contrast to only two parameters used in all previous papers) which specify the curvature profiles not only at the central region but also at the outer boundary of configurations. It is shown that formation or non-formation of PBHs is determined entirely by only two master parameters one of which can be presented as an integral of curvature over initial configurations and the other is presented in terms of the position of the boundary and the edge of the core.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2012

Self-consistent initial conditions for primordial black hole formation

For an arbitrary strong, spherically symmetric super-horizon curvature perturbation, we present analytical solutions of the Einstein equations in terms of asymptotic expansion over the ratio of the Hubble radius to the length-scale of the curvature perturbation under consideration. To obtain this solution we develop a recursive method of quasi-linearization which reduces the problem to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations for the $N$-th order terms in the asymptotic expansion with sources consisting of a non-linear combination of the lower order terms. We use this solution for setting initial conditions for subsequent numerical computations. For an arbitrary precision requirement predetermined by the intended accuracy and stability of the computer code, our analytical solution yields optimal truncated asymptotic expansion which can be used to find the upper limit on the moment of time when the initial conditions expressed in terms of such truncated expansion should be set. Examples of how these truncated (up to eighth order) solutions provide initial conditions with given accuracy for different radial profiles of curvature perturbations are presented.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Response of a spaceborne gravitational wave antenna to solar oscillations

We investigate the possibility of observing very small amplitude low frequency solar oscillations with the proposed laser interferometer space antenna (LISA). For frequencies $ν$ below $3\times 10^{-4} {\rm Hz}$ the dominant contribution is from the near zone time dependent gravitational quadrupole moments associated with the normal modes of oscillation. For frequencies $ν$ above $ 3\times 10^{-4} {\rm Hz}$ the dominant contribution is from gravitational radiation generated by the quadrupole oscillations which is larger than the Newtonian signal by a factor of the order $(2 πr ν/ c)^4$, where $r$ is the distance to the Sun, and $c$ is the velocity of light. The low order solar quadrupole pressure and gravity oscillation modes have not yet been detected above the solar background by helioseismic velocity and intensity measurements. We show that for frequencies $ν\lesssim 2\times 10^{-4} {\rm Hz}$, the signal due to solar oscillations will have a higher signal to noise ratio in a LISA type space interferometer than in helioseismology measurements. Our estimates of the amplitudes needed to give a detectable signal on a LISA type space laser interferometer imply surface velocity amplitudes on the sun of the order of 1-10 mm/sec in the frequency range $1\times 10^{-4} -5\times 10^{-4} {\rm Hz}$. If such modes exist with frequencies and amplitudes in this range they could be detected with a LISA type laser interferometer.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

Probability of primordial black hole formation and its dependence on the radial profile of initial configurations

In this paper we derive the probability of the radial profiles of spherically symmetric inhomogeneities in order to provide an improved estimation of the number density of primordial black holes (PBHs). We demonstrate that the probability of PBH formation depends sensitively on the radial profile of the initial configuration. We do this by characterising this profile with two parameters chosen heuristically: the amplitude of the inhomogeneity and the second radial derivative, both evaluated at the centre of the configuration. We calculate the joint probability of initial cosmological inhomogeneities as a function of these two parameters and then find a correspondence between these parameters and those used in numerical computations of PBH formation. Finally, we extend our heuristic study to evaluate the probability of PBH formation taking into account for the first time the radial profile of curvature inhomogeneities.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

Limits on the speed of gravitational waves from pulsar timing

In this work, analyzing the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the field of gravitational waves, we show the presence and significance of the so called surfing effect for pulsar timing measurements. It is shown that, due to the transverse nature of gravitational waves, the surfing effect leads to enormous pulsar timing residuals if the speed of gravitational waves is smaller than speed of light. This fact allows to place significant constraints on parameter $ε$, which characterizes the relative deviation of the speed of gravitational waves from the speed of light. We show that the existing constraints from pulsar timing measurements already place stringent limits on $ε$ and consequently on the mass of graviton $m_g$. These limits on $m_g$ are three orders of magnitude stronger than the current constraints from Solar System tests. The current constraints also allow to rule out massive gravitons as possible candidates for cold dark matter in galactic halo. In the near future, the gravitational wave background from extragalactic super massive black hole binaries, along with the expected sub-microsecond pulsar timing accuracy, will allow to achieve constrains of $ε\lesssim 0.4\%$ and possibly stronger.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

CMB Temperature Polarization Correlation and Primordial Gravitational Waves

We examine the use of the CMB's TE cross correlation power spectrum as a complementary test to detect primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). The first method used is based on the determination of the lowest multipole, $\ell_0$, where the TE power spectrum, $C_{\ell}^{TE}$, first changes sign. The second method uses Wiener filtering on the CMB TE data to remove the density perturbations contribution to the TE power spectrum. In principle this leaves only the contribution of PGWs. We examine two toy experiments (one ideal and another more realistic) to see their ability to constrain PGWs using the TE power spectrum alone. We found that an ideal experiment, one limited only by cosmic variance, can detect PGWs with a ratio of tensor to scalar metric perturbation power spectra $r=0.3$ at 99.9% confidence level using only the TE correlation. This value is comparable with current constraints obtained by WMAP based on the $2σ$ upper limits to the B-mode amplitude. We demonstrate that to measure PGWs by their contribution to the TE cross correlation power spectrum in a realistic ground based experiment when real instrumental noise is taken into account, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, should be approximately three times larger.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

The surfing effect in the interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational waves. Limits on the speed of gravitational waves

In the current work we investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the field of gravitational waves. Starting with simple case of an electromagnetic wave travelling in the field of a plane monochromatic gravitational wave we introduce the concept of surfing effect and analyze its physical consequences. We then generalize these results to an arbitrary gravitational wave field. We show that, due to the transverse nature of gravitational waves, the surfing effect leads to significant observable consequences only if the velocity of gravitational waves deviates from speed of light. This fact can help to place an upper limit on the deviation of gravitational wave velocity from speed of light. The micro-arcsecond resolution promised by the upcoming precision interferometry experiments allow to place stringent upper limits on $ε= (v_{gw}-c)/c$ as a function of the energy density parameter for gravitational waves $Ω_{gw}$. For $Ω_{gw} \approx 10^{-10}$ this limit amounts to $ε\lesssim 2\cdot 10^{-2}$.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2007

CMB Temperature Polarization Correlation and Primordial Gravitational Waves II: Wiener Filtering and Tests Based on Monte Carlo Simulations

In this paper we continue our study of CMB TE cross correlation as a source of information about primordial gravitational waves. In an accompanying paper, we considered the zero multipole method. In this paper we use Wiener filtering of the CMB TE data to remove the density perturbation contribution to the TE power spectrum. In principle this leaves only the contribution of PGWs. We examine two toy experiments (one ideal and one more realistic), to see how well they constrain PGWs using the TE power spectrum. We consider three tests applied to a combination of observational data and data sets generated by Monte Carlo simulations: (1) Signal-to-Noise test, (2) sign test, and (3) Wilcoxon rank sum test. We compare these tests with each other and with the zero multipole method. Finally, we compare the signal-to-noise ratio of TE correlation measurements first with corresponding signal-to-noise ratios for BB ground based measurements and later with current and future TE correlation space measurements. We found that an ideal TE correlation experiment limited only by cosmic variance can detect PGWs with a tensor-to-scalar ratio $r=0.3$ at 98% confidence level with the $S/N$ test, 93% confidence level with the sign test, and 80% confidence level for the Wilcoxon rank sum test. We also compare all results with corresponding results obtained using the zero multipole method. We demonstrate that to measure PGWs by their contribution to the TE cross correlation power spectrum in a realistic ground based experiment when real instrumental noise is taken into account, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, must be approximately four times larger. In the sense to detect PGWs, the zero multipole method is the best, next best is the S/N test, then the sign test, and the worst is the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Gravimagnetic effect of the barycentric motion of the Sun and determination of the post-Newtonian parameter gamma in the Cassini experiment

The most precise test of the post-Newtonian gamma parameter in the solar system has been achieved in measurement of the frequency shift of radio waves to and from the Cassini spacecraft as they passed near the Sun. The test relies upon the JPL model of radiowave propagation that includes, but does not explicitly parametrize, the impact of the non-stationary component of the gravitational field of the Sun, generated by its barycentric orbital motion, on the Shapiro delay. This non-stationary gravitational field of the Sun is associated with the Lorentz transformation of the metric tensor and the affine connection from the heliocentric to the barycentric frame of the solar system and can be treated as gravimagnetic field. The gravimagnetic field perturbs the propagation of a radio wave and contributes to its frequency shift at the level up to 4 10^{-13} that may affect the precise measurement of the parameter gamma in the Cassini experiment to about one part in 10,000. Our analysis suggests that the translational gravimagnetic field of the Sun can be extracted from the Cassini data, and its effect is separable from the space curvature characterized by the parameter gamma.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2006

Imprints of Relic Gravitational Waves in Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

A strong variable gravitational field of the very early Universe inevitably generates relic gravitational waves by amplifying their zero-point quantum oscillations. We begin our discussion by contrasting the concepts of relic gravitational waves and inflationary `tensor modes'. We explain and summarize the properties of relic gravitational waves that are needed to derive their effects on CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies. The radiation field is characterized by four invariants I, V, E, B. We reduce the radiative transfer equations to a single integral equation of Voltairre type and solve it analytically and numerically. We formulate the correlation functions C^{XX'}_{\ell} for X, X'= T, E, B and derive their amplitudes, shapes and oscillatory features. Although all of our main conclusions are supported by exact numerical calculations, we obtain them, in effect, analytically by developing and using accurate approximations. We show that the TE correlation at lower \ell's must be negative (i.e. an anticorrelation), if it is caused by gravitational waves, and positive if it is caused by density perturbations. This difference in TE correlation may be a signature more valuable observationally than the lack or presence of the BB correlation, since the TE signal is about 100 times stronger than the expected BB signal. We discuss the detection by WMAP of the TE anticorrelation at \ell \approx 30 and show that such an anticorrelation is possible only in the presence of a significant amount of relic gravitational waves (within the framework of all other common assumptions). We propose models containing considerable amounts of relic gravitational waves that are consistent with the measured TT, TE and EE correlations.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2005

The tidal disruption rate in dense galactic cusps containing a supermassive binary black hole

We consider the problem of tidal disruption of stars in the centre of a galaxy containing a supermassive binary black hole with unequal masses. We assume that over the separation distance between the black holes the gravitational potential is dominated by the more massive black hole. Also, we assume that the number density of stars is concentric with the primary black hole and has a power law cusp.We show that the bulk of stars with a small angular-momentum component normal to the black hole binary orbit can reach a small value of total angular momentum through secular evolution in the gravitational field of the binary, and hence they can be tidally disrupted. This effect is analogous to the so-called Kozai effect (Kozai, 1962, Lidov, 1961,1962) well known in celestial mechanics. We develop an analytical theory of secular evolution of the stellar orbits and calculate the rate of tidal disruption. We confront our analytical theory with a simple numerical model and find very good agreement. Our results show that for primary black-hole mass \sim 10^{6}-10^{7}M_{\odot}, the black- hole mass ratio q > 10^{-2}, cusp size \sim 1pc, the tidal disruption rate can be as large as \sim 10^{-2}-1M_{\odot}/yr. This is at least 10^{2}-10^{4} times larger than estimated for the case of a single supermassive black hole. The duration of the phase of enhanced tidal disruption is determined by the dynamical friction time scale, and it is rather short: \sim 10^{5}yr. The dependence of the tidal disruption rate on the mass ratio, as well as on the size of the cusp, is also discussed.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2001

Response of a Spaceborn Gravitational Wave Antenna to Solar Oscillations

We investigate the possibility of observing very small amplitude low frequency solar oscillations with the proposed laser interferometer space antenna LISA. For frequencies below $\sim 2\times 10^{-4}$ Hz the dominant contribution is from the near zone time dependent gravitational quadrupole moments associated with the normal modes of oscillation. For frequencies $ν$ above $\sim 3\times 10^{-4}$ Hz the dominant contribution is from gravitational radiation generated by the quadrupole oscillations which is larger than the Newtonian signal by a factor $\sim (2 πr ν/ c)^4$, where $r$ is the distance to the Sun, and $c$ is the velocity of light. The low order solar quadrupole pressure and gravity oscillation modes have not yet been detected above the solar background by helioseismic velocity and intensity measurements. Our estimates of the amplitudes needed to give a detectable signal on a LISA type space laser interferometer imply surface velocity amplitudes on the sun of the order of 1-10 mm/sec in the frequency range $1 - 5~10^{-4}$Hz. Such surface velocities are below the current sensitivity limits on helioseismic measurements. If modes exist with frequencies and amplitudes in this range they could be detected with a LISA type laser interferometer.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1998

The evolution of a supermassive binary caused by an accretion disc

The interaction of a massive binary and a non-self-gravitating circumbinary accretion disc is considered. The shape of the stationary twisted disc produced by the binary is calculated. It is shown that the inner part of the disc must lie in the binary orbital plane for any value of viscosity. When the inner disc midplane is aligned with the binary orbital plane on the scales of interest and it rotates in the same sense as the binary, the modification of the disc structure and the rate of decay of the binary orbit, assumed circular, due to tidal exchange of angular momentum with the disc, are calculated. It is shown that the modified disc structure is well described by a self-similar solution of the non-linear diffusion equation governing the evolution of the disc surface density. The calculated time scale for decay of the binary orbit is always smaller than the "accretion" time $t_{acc}=m/{\dot M}$ ($m$ is the mass of the secondary component, and $\dot M$ is the disc accretion rate), and is determined by ratio of secondary mass $m$, assumed to be much smaller than the primary mass, the disc mass inside the initial binary orbit, and the form of viscosity in the disc.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1993

Gravitational Waves and the Polarisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background

We discuss the influence of gravitational waves (GWs) upon the polarisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR). We show how to compute the {\em rms} temperature anisotropy and polarisation of the CMBR induced by GWs of arbitrary wavelength. We find that the ratio of polarisation, $Π$, to anisotropy, $A$, can be as large as $\sim 40$\%, but is sensitively dependent upon the GW spectrum and the cosmological ionisation history. We argue that CMBR polarisation measurements can provide useful constraints on cosmological models.

astro-ph↗