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A. I. Nikishov

Publications and source records attributed to A. I. Nikishov.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Gravitational scattering of a quantum particle and the privileged coordinate system

In gravitational scattering the quantum particle probes the Fourier-transforms of a metric. I evaluate the Fourier-transforms of Schwarzschild metrics in standard, harmonic and other coordinate systems in linear and $G^2-$approximations. In general different coordinate systems lead to different scattering. This opens up the possibility to choose the privileged coordinate system which should lead to scattering in agreement with experiment.

physics.gen-ph↗

Gravity according to theory of sources

The metric of spherically symmetric ball of ideal liquid is considered in $G^2$- approximation with the help of theory of sources. Using the integral equations of this theory gives the exterior metric depending upon the radius of the ball of matter in some terms proportional to $G^2$..I argue that according this metric from measurement outside the ball one can infer the value of ball radius.

physics.gen-ph↗

Gravity from the viewpoint of theory of sources

I examine the $G^2$-approximation of Schwarzschild solution from the viewpoint of theory of sources. The method suggests the following definition of the privileged coordinate system: it is a system in which in each approximation the gauge degrees of freedom are put to zero, i.e. the metric is formed solely by sources. I calculate the metric in this system. In $G^2$-approximation the exterior metric has the term which is of the form of a gauge function. Considering it as such I have the agreement with Schwarzschild metric. But I cannot consider it as a gauge function because it is generated by sources. It should be observable. It is proportional to the radius of matter ball and seems violate the Birckhoff theorem.

physics.gen-ph↗

On summation of Kapteyn series

We consider the summation of Kapteyn series of several kinds and obtain some relations among the sums. We paid special attention to cases when sums are transcendental functions. Their asymptotic behaviors are obtained. In some cases the integral representations for sums are found. As an application we find the radiation free lifetime of an electron moving in a constant external field. It is noted that the laboratory lifetime increases with energy for ultrarelativistic electron in ultrastrong external field.

math-ph↗

On the simplified tree graphs in gravity

Firstly, I give the reason why is wrong my previously made assumption that the volume integral over the pressure may not be zero in a system where the gravitation plays no role in holding the system together. Secondly, in the first nonlinear approximation I obtain the inner and outer Schwarzschild solutions in harmonic and isotropic coordinates in two different ways. One way is to start from standard solution and make the appropriate coordinate transformation. The other way is to use the perturbation theory with elements of Schwinger and Weinberg source approach. This latter method is applicable in general case and it is useful to study all its peculiarities on known simple example such as Schwarzschild solution. It turns out that this method is simpler then S-metrics approach (previously made by Duff) and more informative as it it shows which contribution comes from what region of space.

physics.gen-ph↗

On the signature of pressure in gravity

When pressure is not negligible in comparison with energy density, the external gravitational field and the motion of particles in it are modified. For spherically symmetric body two effective mass parameters determine the external gravitational field and the motion of particles in it. For distances much larger than the gravitational radius we use the linearized Einstein equations to consider the effects of pressure on test particle motion.

gr-qc↗

On the role of pressure in generating the gravitational field

The Einstein equations for static gravitational field depend on energy density and pressure. So one may expect that solutions should depend on two parameters: mass and its analogue originated from pressure. Yet the Schwarzschild solution have only mass parameter. So does its linear approximation. On the other hand the solutions of linearized Einstein equations, obtained using graviton propagator, contain mass and its pressure analogue. This suggests that a phenomenological approach to gravity, using propagators and many graviton vertices, should lead to a theory different from general relativity.

gr-qc↗

Classical and quantum scattering by a gravitational center

The small angle scattering (by a gravitational field) of classical and quantum particles is considered and compared. It is suggested that the differences in small angle scattering of particles with spin 0, 1, 2 are due to the nonzero probability of forward scattering for particles described by a wave packet. It is suggested that measurements of the deflection of light in the vicinity of the Sun will decide which coordinate system is the privileged one.

gr-qc↗

Classical and quantum scattering by a Coulomb potential

For relativistic energies the small angle classical cross section for scattering on a Coulomb potential agrees with the first Born approximation for quantum cross section for scalar particle only in the leading term. The disagreement in other terms can be avoided if the sum of all corrections to the first Born approximation for large enough Coulomb charge contain the classical terms which are independent of that charge. A small part of the difference in classical and quantum cross sections may be attributed to the fact that the relativistic quantum particle can rush through the field without interaction. We expect that smaller impact parameters and spin facilitate this affect.

hep-th↗

On two pictures in the heuristic approach to gravity

We examine the heuristic approach to constant gravitational field by Dehnen, Hönl and Westpfahl, extending it everywhere beyond linear approximation. Then it becomes flexible to accommodate possible modifications of General Relativity. We have found that two pictures introduced in the related paper by Thirring are helpful in better understanding some features of gravitation. In particular, this approach suggest that the privileged system for constant gravitational field must be the isotropic one and that the requirement of gauge invariance in gravitation theory may be a luxury; it is sufficient to take care that the nonphysical degrees of freedom do not invalidate calculations. It follows from this approach that gravitational constant should depend on gravitational field and some universality in the form of metric of an asymmetric body is suggested.

gr-qc↗

Asymptotic representations for some functions and integrals connected with the Airy function

The asymptotic representations of the functions ${\rm Ai}_1(x), {\rm Gi}(x), {\rm Ai}'(x), {\rm Ai}^2(x), {\rm Bi}^ 2(x)$ are obtained. As a by-product, the factorial identity (21') is found. The derivation of asymptotic representations of the integral $\int_v^{\infty}dx{\rm Ai}(x)h(x,v)$ for $v\to-\infty$ and integrals, differing from it by the change of ${\rm Ai}(x)$ by ${\rm Ai}'(x)$ or ${\rm Ai_1(x)}$, is presented. For the Airy function ${\rm Ai}(z)$, as an example, the Stokes' phenomenon is considered as a consequence of discontinuous behavior of steepest descent lines over the passes. When $z$ crosses the Stokes ray, the steepest descent line over the higher pass abruptly changes the direction of its asymptotic approach to the steepest descent line over the lower pass to the direction of approach to the opposite end of this line. Therefore, when the integration contour, drawn along the steepest descent lines, goes over the higher pass, it begins or stops to go over the lower pass while $z$ crosses the Stokes ray, and as a result the recessive series (contribution from the lower pass) discontinuously appears or disappears in the asymptotic representation of a function containing the dominant series.

math-ph↗

Problems in field theoretical approach to gravitation

We consider gravitational self interaction in the lowest approximation and assume that graviton interacts with gravitational energy-momentum tensor in the same way as it interacts with particles. We show that, using gravitational vertex with a preferred gravitational energy-momentum tensor, it is possible to obtain a metric necessary for explaining perihelion precession. The preferred gravitational energy-momentum tensor gives positive gravitational energy density of Newtonian center. We show also that, employing "improvement" technique, any gravitational energy-momentum tensor can be made suitable for using in gravitational wave equation for obtaining metric which explains perihelion precession. Yet the "improvement" leads to negative gravitational energy density of the Newtonian center.

gr-qc↗

Comparison of two field theoretical forms of gravitational wave equations

In the lowest nonlinear approximation I compare two gravitational wave equations,- those of Weinberg and Papapetrou. The first one is simply a form of Einstein equation and the second is claimed to be yet another field theoretical form in which the energy-momentum tensor is obtained by Belinfante or Rosenfeld method. I show that for interacting gravitational field these methods lead to different energy-momentum tensors. Both these tensors need to be complemented "by hand" with some interaction energy-momentum tensors in order that the conservation laws of the total energy-momentum tensor give equation of motion for particles in agreement with general relativity. In approximation considered by Thirring, the Papapetrou wave equation must coincide with that of Thirring. But they differ because Thirring inserted the necessary interaction term. I show that Thirring wave equation is equivalent to Weinberg's one. Hence the Papapetrou equation is not yet another form of Einstein equation.

gr-qc↗

On the problem of uniqueness of energy-momentum tensor of gravitational field

For an island-like distribution of matter the gravitational energy-momentum tensor is defined according to Weinberg as a source of metric. If this source is formed by self-interactions of gravitons, so that nonphysical degrees of freedom are excluded, then this source is a reasonable candidate for the energy-momentum tensor of gravitational field. The disastrous influence of the nonphysical degrees of freedom is demonstrated by comparing the gravitational energy-momentum tensors in the harmonic, isotropic and standard frames for the Schwarzschild solution. The harmonic frame is clearly preferable for defining the gravitational energy-momentum tensor.

gr-qc↗

Scattering and pair production by a potential barrier

Scattering and electron-positron pair production by a one-dimensional potential is considered in the framework of the $S-$matrix formalism. The solutions of the Dirac equation are classified according to frequency sign. The Bogoliubov transformation relating the in- and out-states are given. We show that the norm of a solution of the wave equation is determined by the largest amplitude of its asymptotic form when $x_3\to \pm\infty$. For a number of potentials we give the explicit expressions for the complete in- and out-sets of orthonormalized wave functions. We note that in principle virtual vacuum processes in external field influence the phase of wave function of scattered particle..

hep-th↗

Equivalent sets of solutions of the Dirac equation with a constant electric field

Two families of sets, nonstationary and stationary, are obtained. Each nonstationary set $ψ_{p_v}$ consists of the solutions with the quantum number $p_v=p^0v-p_3.$ It can be obtained from the nonstationary set $ψ_{p_3}$ with quantum number $p_3$ by a boost along $x_3$-axis (along the direction of the electric field) with velocity $-v$. Similarly, any stationary set of solutions characterized by a quantum number $p_s=p^0-sp_3$ can be obtained from stationary solutions with quantum number $p^0$ by the same boost with velocity $-s$. All these sets are equivalent and the classification (i.e. ascribing the frequency sign and in-, out- indexes) in any set is determined by the classification in $ψ_{p_3}$-set, where it is beyond doubt.

hep-th↗

On vacuum-vacuum amplitude and Bogoliubov coefficients

Even if the electromagnetic field does not create pairs, virtual pairs lead to the appearance of a phase in vacuum-vacuum amplitude. This makes it necessary to distinguish the in- and out-solutions even when it is commonly assumed that there is only one complete set of solutions as, for example, in the case of a constant magnetic field. Then in- and out-solutions differ only by a phase factor which is in essence the Bogoliubov coefficient. The propagator in terms of in- and out-states takes the same form as the one for pair creating fields. The transition amplitude for an electron to go from an initial in-state to out-state is equal to unity (in diagonal representation). This is in agreement with Pauli principal: if in the field there is an electron with given (conserved) set of quantum numbers, virtual pair cannot appear in this state. So even the phase of transition amplitude remains unaffected by the field. We show how one may redefine the phases of Bogoliubov coefficients in order to express the vacuum-vacuum amplitude through them.

hep-th↗

On the theory of scalar pair production by a potential barrier

The problem of the scalar pair production by a one-dimensional vector- potential $A_μ(x_3)$ is reduced to the $S-$ matrix formalism of the theory with an unstable vacuum. Our choice of in- and out-states does not coincide with that of other authors and we argue extensively in favor of our choice. In terms of our classification the states that can be created by the field enter into the field operator in the same way as do the states that cannot be created by the field, i.e. the field operator has the usual form. We show that the norm of a solution of the wave equation is determined by one of the amplitude of its asymptotic form for $x_3\to \pm\infty$. For the step potential and for the constant field potential we get the explicit expressions for the complete in- and out-sets of orthonormalized wave functions. For the constant electric field we obtain the scalar particle propagator in terms of the stationary states and show that with our choice of in- and out-states it has the form dictated by the general theory.

hep-th↗