arXiv subjects

A. Kargaran

Publications and source records attributed to A. Kargaran.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Persistent Imbalance in Open Networks with Coevolutionary dynamics

Societies are quintessential open systems, shaped by internal dynamics as well as external influences. The question is how these external influences alter the collective behavior and network dynamics. To answer this, we investigate coevolutionary balance dynamics in a system of independent and open networks. Here, the system consists of two interacting networks with directed (asymmetric) coupling: an independent network evolving autonomously and an open (dependent) network whose dynamics are influenced by the former. Using a mean-field framework, we demonstrate a transition temperature: below the transition temperature, the independent network reaches a state of structural balance, while the open network is destabilized by persistent imbalance states and enters a sustained imbalance phase. This coupling also induces a measurable upward shift in the transition temperature. Direct numerical simulations robustly confirm these analytical predictions.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2022

Second to first order phase transition; coevolutionary versus structural balance

In social networks, the balance theory has been studied by considering either the triple interactions between the links (structural balance) or the triple interaction of nodes and links (coevolutionary balance). In the structural balance theory, the links are not independent from each other, implying a global effect of this term and it leads to a discontinuous phase transition in the system's balanced states as a function of temperature. However, in the coevolutionary balance the links only connect two local nodes and a continuous phase transition emerges. In this paper, we consider a combination of both in order to understand which of these types of interactions will identify the stability of the network. We are interested to see how adjusting the robustness of each term versus the other might affect the system to reach a balanced state. We use statistical mechanics methods and the mean field theory and also the Monte-Carlo numerical simulations to investigate the behaviour of the order parameters and the total energy of the system. We find the phase diagram of the system which demonstrates the competition of these two terms at different ratios against each other and different temperatures. The system shows a tricritical point above which the phase transition switches from continuous to discrete. Also the superiority of the local perspective is observed at low temperatures and the global view will be the dominant term in determining the stability of the system at higher temperatures.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2021

Mean-Field Solution for Critical Behavior of Signed Networks in Competitive Balance Theory

Competitive balance model has been proposed as an extension to the balance model to address the conflict of interests in signed networks arXiv:2001.04664 . In this model two different paradigms compete with each other due to the competitive interests to dominate the system and impose their own values. Using mean-field solution method in this paper, we examine the thermal behavior of the competitive balance model. Our results show that under a certain temperature, the symmetry between two competitive interests will spontaneously break which leads to a discrete phase transition. So, starting with a heterogeneous signed network, if agents aim to ultimately decrease tension stemming from balance theory, evolution ultimately chooses only one of the existing interests and stability arises where one paradigm dominates the network. The critical temperature depends linearly on the number of nodes, which was a linear dependence in the thermal balance theory as well. Finally the results obtained through the mean-field theory are verified by a series of simulations.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2021

Hybrid balance theory: Heider balance under higher order interactions

Heider's Balance Theory in signed networks, which consists of friendship or enmity relationships, is a model that relates the type of relationship between two people to the third person. In this model, there is an assumption of the independence of triadic relations, which means that the balance or imbalance of one triangle does not affect another and the energy only depends on the number of each type of triangle. There is evidence that in real network data, in addition to third-order interactions (Heider Balance), higher-order interactions also play a role. One step beyond the Heider Balance, the effect of Quartic Balance has been studied by removing the assumption of triangular independence. Application of quartic balance results in the influence of the balanced or imbalanced state of neighboring triangles on each specific one. Here, a question arises that how the Heider Balance is affected by the existence of Quartic Balance (fourth-order). The phase diagram obtained from the mean-field method shows there is a threshold for higher-order interaction strength, below which a third-order interaction dominates and there are no imbalance triangles in the network, and above this threshold, squares effectively determine the balance state in which the imbalance triangles can survive. The solution of the mean-field indicates that we have a first-order phase transition in terms of random behavior of agents (temperature) which is in accordance with the Monte Carlo simulation results.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2021

Heider and coevolutionary balance: From discrete to continuous phase transition

Structural balance in social complex networks has been modeled with two types of triplet interactions. First, the interaction that only considers dynamic role for links or relationships (Heider balance), and second, the interaction that considers both individual opinions (nodes) and relationships in network dynamics (coevolutionary balance). The question is, as the temperature varies, which is a measure of social disorder, how structural balance can be created or destroyed by each of these triplet interactions? We use statistical mechanics methods and observe through analytical calculation and numerical simulation that unlike the Heider balance triplet interaction which has a discrete phase transition, the coevolutionary balance has a continuous phase transition. The critical temperature of the presented model change with the root square of network size which is a linear dependence in thermal Heider balance.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2021

Heider Balance under Disordered Triadic Interactions

The Heider balance addresses three-body interactions with the assumption that triads are equally important in the dynamics of the network. In many networks, the relations do not have the same strength so, triads are differently weighted. Now, the question is how social networks evolve to reduce the number of unbalanced triangles when they are weighted? Are the results foreseeable based on what we have already learned from the unweighted balance? To find the solution, we consider a fully connected network in which triads are assigned with different random weights. Weights are coming from Gaussian probability distribution with mean $μ$ and variance $σ$. We study this system in two regimes : (\RN{1}) the ratio of $\fracμσ \ge 1 $ corresponds to weak disorder (small variance) that triads' weight are approximately the same, (\RN{2}) $\fracμσ < 1 $ counts for strong disorder (big variance) and weights are remarkably diverse. Investigating the structural evolution of such a network is our intention. We see disorder plays a key role in determining the critical temperature of the system. Using the mean-field method to present an analytic solution for the system represents that the system undergoes a first-order phase transition. For weak disorder, our simulation results display the system reaches the global minimum as temperature decreases whereas for high disorder we manage to see a seudo-Kondo effect in triadic interactions. The Kondo effect explains the anomalous increase in electrical resistivity of metals due to magnetic impurities at low temperatures. Similar behavior is seen in the energy versus temperature in our work for the second regime and the system does not reach a global minimum.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2020

Quartic Balance Theory: Global Minimum With Imbalanced Triangles

Balance theory proposed by Heider for the first time modeled triplet interaction in a signed network, stating that relationships between two people, friendship or enmity, is dependent on a third person. The Hamiltonian of this model has an implicit assumption that all triads are independent, meaning that state of each triad, being balanced or imbalanced, is ineffective to others. This independence forces the network to have completely balanced final states. However, there exists evidence indicating that real networks are partially balanced raising the question of what is the mechanism preventing the system to be perfectly balanced. Our suggestion is to consider a quartic interaction which dissolves the triad's independence. We use mean field method to study thermal behavior of such systems where the temperature is a parameter that allows the stochastic behavior of agents. We show that under a certain temperature, the symmetry between balanced and imbalanced triads will spontaneously break and we have a discrete phase transition. As consequence stability arises where either similar balanced or imbalanced triads dominate, hence the system obtains two new imbalanced stable states. In this model, the critical temperature depends on the second power of the number of nodes, which was a linear dependence in thermal balance theory. Our simulations are in good agreement with the results obtained by the mean field method.

physics.soc-ph↗