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A. López-Gallifa

Publications and source records attributed to A. López-Gallifa.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

Aromatic rings in the Central Molecular Zone: Benzonitrile

In recent years, several aromatic molecules (benzene-based rings) have been detected in the cold molecular cloud TMC-1, with its CN-derivative, benzonitrile (c-C$_6$H$_5$CN), also identified in other nearby cold sources. However, observed abundances differ significantly from chemical model predictions, indicating an incomplete understanding of its chemistry and motivating searches in distinct environments. We report new detections of benzonitrile in two warmer molecular clouds of the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ): G+0.693-0.027 and G+0.633-0.0604. Using Yebes 40m ultra-deep surveys in the 31--50 GHz range, we performed LTE and non-LTE analyses to derive the physical parameters of the emission. We obtain column densities of $N$=(7.4$\pm$0.5)$\times10^{12}$ and (2.60$\pm$0.13)$\times10^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, corresponding to abundances relative to H$_2$ of (6$\pm$1)$\times10^{-11}$ and (4.3$\pm$0.9)$\times10^{-11}$, consistent with values in cold Galactic clouds. The HC$_7$N/benzonitrile ratio is lower (2.15-2.4) than in colder sources (4.5-30), suggesting environmental effects and a relative enhancement of aromatic chemistry in the CMZ. These results confirm that benzonitrile is widespread and can survive in harsher environments (e.g., high temperatures, shocks, enhanced cosmic-ray ionization) than those in Galactic cold clouds. This suggests that aromatics are stable and abundant species that can significantly contribute to the total budget of interstellar carbon in molecular clouds. A top-down formation scenario, involving fragmentation of larger carbonaceous species, is consistent with the nearly constant abundances observed with molecular size.

astro-ph.GA↗

High-energy interstellar isomers: cis-N-methylformamide in the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud

Isomerism in complex organic molecules provides key insights into the formation mechanisms and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM). Among the C$_2$H$_5$NO isomers, only acetamide and trans-N-methylformamide (trans-NMF) have been detected in space. The recent detection of higher-energy isomers in other chemical families raises questions about the formation and abundance of less stable isomers. We used ultra-sensitive wide-band spectral surveys obtained with the Yebes 40 m and IRAM 30 m telescopes to search for cis-NMF towards the Galactic Centre molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. We present the first detection of cis-NMF in the ISM, with 55 unblended or slightly blended transitions, 44 of which were new transitions identified based on extrapolated spectroscopic data. Due to the lack of collisional rate coefficients, a quasi-non-LTE analysis, which separated the transitions into different K$_a$ ladders, was used to determine the excitation conditions. The resulting trans/cis-NMF isomeric ratio of 2.9$\pm$0.6 deviates significantly from thermodynamic expectations, suggesting that kinetic non-equilibrium processes and stereospecific chemical pathways are responsible for the formation of cis-NMF in this environment. The detection of cis-NMF expands the known inventory of interstellar C$_2$H$_5$NO isomers and challenges the assumption that isomer abundances strictly correlate with thermodynamic stability. Laboratory and theoretical studies propose formation via CH$_3$NCO hydrogenation or spin-forbidden reactions involving CH$_2$ and NH$_2$CHO, though these may not reflect typical ISM conditions. This finding highlights the need for further investigation into isomerisation mechanisms and constrains astrochemical models of complex organic molecules.

astro-ph.GA↗