arXiv subjects

A. Moretti

Publications and source records attributed to A. Moretti.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

The Impact of the CMB on the Evolution of high-z Blazars

Different works have recently found an increase of the average X-ray-to-radio luminosity ratio with redshift in the blazar population. We evaluate here whether the inverse Compton interaction between the relativistic electrons within the jet and the photons of the Cosmic Microwave Background (IC/CMB) can explain this trend. Moreover, we test whether the IC/CMB model can also be at the origin of the different space density evolutions found in X-ray and radio selected blazar samples. By considering the best statistically complete samples of blazars selected in the radio or in the X-ray band and covering a large range of redshift (0.5$\lesssim$ z$\lesssim$ 5.5), we evaluate the expected impact of the CMB on the observed X-ray emission on each sample and then we compare these predictions with the observations. We find that this model can satisfactorily explain both the observed trend of the X-ray-to-radio luminosity ratios with redshift and the different cosmological evolutions derived from the radio and X-ray band. Finally, we discuss how currently on-going X-ray missions, like eROSITA, could help to further constrain the observed evolution at even higher redshifts (up to z$\sim$6-7).

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arXiv2021

GASP XXXIII. The ability of spatially resolved data to distinguish among the different physical mechanisms affecting galaxies in low-density environments

Galaxies inhabit a wide range of environments and therefore are affected by different physical mechanisms. Spatially resolved maps combined with the knowledge of the hosting environment are very powerful to classify galaxies by physical process. In the context of the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies (GASP), we present a study of 27 non-cluster galaxies: 24 of them were selected for showing asymmetries and disturbances in the optical morphology, suggestive of gas stripping, three of them are passive galaxies and were included to characterize the final stages of galaxy evolution. We therefore provide a panorama of the different processes taking place in low-density environments. The analysis of VLT/MUSE data allows us to separate galaxies into the following categories: Galaxy-galaxy interactions (2 galaxies), mergers (6), ram pressure stripping (4), cosmic web stripping (2), cosmic web enhancement (5), gas accretion (3), starvation (3). In one galaxy we identify the combination of merger and ram pressure stripping. Only 6/27 of these galaxies have just a tentative classification. We then investigate where these galaxies are located on scaling relations determined for a sample of undisturbed galaxies. Our analysis shows the successes and limitations of a visual optical selection in identifying the processes that deplete galaxies of their gas content and probes the power of IFU data in pinning down the acting mechanism.

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arXiv2021

GASP XXXIV: Unfolding the thermal side of ram pressure stripping in the jellyfish galaxy JO201

X-ray studies of jellyfish galaxies play a crucial role in understanding the interactions between the interstellar medium (ISM) and the intracluster medium (ICM). In this paper, we focused on the jellyfish galaxy JO201. By combining archival Chandra observations, MUSE H$α$ cubes, and maps of the emission fraction of the diffuse ionised gas, we investigated both its high energy spectral properties and the spatial correlation between its X-ray and optical emissions. The X-ray emission of JO201 is provided by both the Compton thick AGN (L$_{\text{X}}^{0.5-10 \text{keV}}$=2.7$\cdot$10$^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$, not corrected for intrinsic absorption) and an extended component (L$_{\text{X}}^{0.5-10 \, \text{keV}}\approx$1.9-4.5$\cdot$10$^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$) produced by a warm plasma (kT$\approx$1 keV), whose luminosity is higher than expected from the observed star formation (L$_{\text{X}}\sim$3.8$\cdot10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$). The spectral analysis showed that the X-ray emission is consistent with the thermal cooling of hot plasma. These properties are similar to the ones found in other jellyfish galaxies showing extended X-ray emission. A point-to-point analysis revealed that this X-ray emission closely follows the ISM distribution, whereas CLOUDY simulations proved that the ionisation triggered by this warm plasma would be able to reproduce the [OI]/H$α$ excess observed in JO201. We conclude that the galactic X-ray emitting plasma is originated on the surface of the ISM as a result of the ICM-ISM interplay. This process would entail the cooling and accretion of the ICM onto the galaxy, which could additionally fuel the star formation, and the emergence of [OI]/H$α$ excess in the optical spectrum.

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arXiv2021

Radio Detection of VIK J2318$-$3113, the Most Distant Radio-Loud Quasar ($z$=6.44)

We report the 888 MHz radio detection in the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) of VIK J2318$-$3113, a $z$=6.44 quasar. Its radio luminosity (1.2 $\times 10^{26}$ W Hz$^{-1}$ at 5 GHz) compared to the optical luminosity (1.8 $\times 10^{24}$ W Hz$^{-1}$ at 4400 A) makes it the most distant radio-loud quasar observed so far, with a radio loudness R$\sim$70 (R$=L_\mathrm{5GHz}/L_\mathrm{4400A}$). Moreover, the high bolometric luminosity of the source (L$_\mathrm{bol}$=7.4 $\times 10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$) suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole with a high mass ($\gtrsim$6 $\times$10$^8$ M$_\odot$) at a time when the Universe was younger than a billion years. Combining the new radio data from RACS with previous ASKAP observations at the same frequency, we found that the flux density of the source may have varied by a factor of $\sim$2, which could suggest the presence of a relativistic jet oriented towards the line of sight, that is, a blazar nature. However, currently available radio data do not allow us to firmly characterise the orientation of the source. Further radio and X-ray observations are needed.

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arXiv2020

Parsec-scale properties of the radio brightest jetted AGN at z > 6

We present Director's Discretionary Time multi-frequency observations obtained with the Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) of the blazar PSO J030947.49+271757.31 (hereafter PSO J0309+27) at $z = 6.10\pm0.03$. The milliarcsecond angular resolution of our VLBA observations at 1.5, 5 and 8.4 GHz unveils a bright one-sided jet extended for $\sim500$ parsecs in projection. This high-z radio-loud AGN is resolved into multiple compact sub-components, embedded in a more diffuse and faint radio emission, which enshrouds them in a continuous jet structure. We derive limits on some physical parameters directly from the observable quantities, such as viewing angle, Lorentz and Doppler factors. If PSO J0309+27 is a genuine blazar, as suggested by its X-ray properties, then we find that its bulk Lorentz factor must be relatively low (less than 5). Such value would be in favour of a scenario currently proposed to reconcile the paucity of high-z blazars with respect to current predictions. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude that PSO J0309+27 is seen under a larger viewing angle, which would imply that the X-ray emission must be enhanced, for example, by inverse Compton with the Cosmic Microwave Background. More stringent constraints on the bulk Lorentz factor in PSO J0309+27 and the other high-z blazars are necessary to test whether their properties are intrinsically different with respect to the low-z blazar population.

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arXiv2020

The dynamical state of Abell 2399: a bullet-like cluster

While there are many ways to identify substructures in galaxy clusters using different wavelengths, each technique has its own caveat. In this paper, we conduct a detailed substructure search and dynamical state characterisation of Abell 2399, a galaxy cluster in the local Universe ($z \sim 0.0579$), by performing a multi-wavelength analysis and testing the results through hydro-dynamical simulations. In particular, we apply a Gaussian Mixture Model to the spectroscopic data from SDSS, WINGS, and Omega WINGS Surveys to identify substructures. We further use public \textit{XMM-Newton} data to investigate the intracluster medium (ICM) thermal properties, creating temperature, metallicity, entropy, and pressure maps. Finally, we run hydro-dynamical simulations to constrain the merger stage of this system. The ICM is very asymmetrical and has regions of temperature and pressure enhancement that evidence a recent merging process. The optical substructure analysis retrieves the two main X-ray concentrations. The temperature, entropy, and pressure are smaller in the secondary clump than in the main clump. On the other hand, its metallicity is considerably higher. This result can be explained by the scenario found by the hydro-dynamical simulations where the secondary clump passed very near to the centre of the main cluster possibly causing the galaxies of that region to release more metals through the increase of ram-pressure stripping.16

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arXiv2020

GASP XXX. The spatially resolved SFR-Mass relation in stripping galaxies in the local universe

The study of the spatially resolved Star Formation Rate-Mass (Sigma_SFR-Sigma_M) relation gives important insights on how galaxies assemble at different spatial scales. Here we present the analysis of the Sigma_SFR-Sigma_M of 40 local cluster galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping drawn from the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies (GASP) sample. Considering their integrated properties, these galaxies show a SFR enhancement with respect to undisturbed galaxies of similar stellar mass; we now exploit spatially resolved data to investigate the origin and location of the excess. Even on ~1kpc scales, stripping galaxies present a systematic enhancement of Sigma_SFR (~0.35 dex at Sigma_M =108^M_sun/kpc^2) at any given Sigma_M compared to their undisturbed counterparts. The excess is independent on the degree of stripping and of the amount of star formation in the tails and it is visible at all galactocentric distances within the disks, suggesting that the star formation is most likely induced by compression waves from ram pressure. Such excess is larger for less massive galaxies and decreases with increasing mass. As stripping galaxies are characterised by ionised gas beyond the stellar disk, we also investigate the properties of 411 star forming clumps found in the galaxy tails. At any given stellar mass density, these clumps are systematically forming stars at a higher rate than in the disk, but differences are reconciled when we just consider the mass formed in the last few 10^8yr ago, suggesting that on these timescales the local mode of star formation is similar in the tails and in the disks.

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arXiv2020

The high molecular gas content, and the efficient conversion of neutral into molecular gas, in jellyfish galaxies

In the disks of four jellyfish galaxies from the GASP sample at redshift $\sim 0.05$ we detect molecular gas masses systematically higher than in field galaxies. These galaxies are being stripped of their gas by ram pressure from the intra cluster medium and are, in general, forming stars at high rate with respect to non-stripped galaxies of similar stellar masses. We find that, unless giant molecular clouds in the disk are unbound by ram pressure leading to exceptionally high CO--to--$\rm H_2$ conversion factors, these galaxies have a molecular gas content 4-5 times higher than normal galaxies of similar masses, and molecular gas depletion times ranging from $\sim$1 to 9 Gyr, corresponding to generally very low star formation efficiencies. The molecular gas mass within the disk is a factor between 4 and $\sim$100 times higher than the neutral gas mass, as opposed to the disks of normal spirals that contain similar amounts of molecular and neutral gas. Intriguingly, the molecular plus neutral total amount of gas is similar to that in normal spiral galaxies of similar stellar mass. These results strongly suggest that ram pressure in disks of galaxies during the jellyfish phase leads to a very efficient conversion of HI into $\rm H_2$.

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arXiv2020

GASP XXVI. HI Gas in Jellyfish Galaxies: The case of JO201 and JO206

We present HI observations of the jellyfish galaxy, JO201. This massive galaxy (M$_{\ast} = 3.5 \times 10^{10}$ M$_\odot$) is falling along the line-of-sight towards the centre of a rich cluster (M$_{200} \sim 1.6 \times 10^{15}$ M$_\odot$, $σ_{cl} \sim 982$ km/s) at a high velocity $\geq$3363 km/s. Its H$α$ emission shows a $\sim$40 kpc tail confined closely to its stellar disc and a $\sim$100 kpc tail extending further out. We find HI emission coinciding only with the shorter clumpy H$α$ tail. In total, we measure an HI mass of M$_{\rm HI} = 1.65 \times 10^{9}$ M$_\odot$, which is about 60% lower than expected based on its stellar mass and stellar surface density. We compared JO201 to another jellyfish in the GASP sample, JO206 (of similar mass but residing in a 10$\times$ less massive cluster), and find that they are similarly HI-deficient. Of the total HI mass in JO201, about 30% lies outside the galaxy disc in projection. This HI fraction is probably a lower limit since most of the HI is redshifted relative to the stellar disc and could be outside the disc. The global star formation rate (SFR) analysis of JO201 suggests that its observed SFR would be expected if it had 10$\times$ its current HI mass. The disc is the main contributor of the high star formation efficiency at a given HI gas density for both galaxies, but their tails also show higher star formation efficiencies compared to the outer regions of field galaxies. Generally, we find that JO201 and JO206 are similar based on their HI content, stellar mass and star formation rate. This finding is unexpected considering their different environments. A toy model comparing the ram pressure of the ICM versus the restoring forces of these galaxies suggests that the ram pressure strength exerted on them could be comparable if we consider their 3D orbital velocities and radial distances relative to the clusters.

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arXiv2020

GASP XXIV. The history of abruptly quenched galaxies in clusters

The study of cluster post starburst galaxies gives useful insights on the physical processes quenching the star formation in the most massive environments. Exploiting the MUSE data of the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies (GASP) project, we characterise the quenching history of 8 local cluster galaxies that were selected for not showing emission lines in their fiber spectra. We inspect the integrated colors, the Hb rest frame equivalent widths (EW), star formation histories (SFHs) and luminosity-weighted age (LWA) maps finding no signs of current star formation throughout the disks of these early-spiral/S0 galaxies. All of them have been passive for at least 20 Myr, but their SF declined on different timescales. In most of them the outskirts reached undetectable SFRs before the inner regions (outside-in quenching). Our sample includes three post-starforming galaxies, two passive galaxies and three galaxies with intermediate properties. The first population shows blue colors, deep Hb in absorption (EW>>2.8A), young ages (8.8<log(LW [yr])<9.2). Two of these galaxies show signs of a central SF enhancement before quenching. Passive galaxies have instead red colors, EW(Hb)<2.8A, ages in the range 9.2<log(LWA[yr])<10. Finally, the other galaxies are most likely in transition between a post starforming and passive phase, as they quenched in an intermediate epoch and have not lost all the star forming features yet. The outside-in quenching, the morphology and kinematics of the stellar component, along with the position of these galaxies within massive clusters (sigma_cl=550-950km/s) point to a scenario in which ram pressure stripping has removed the gas, leading to quenching. Only the three most massive galaxies might alternatively have entered the clusters already quenched. These galaxies are therefore at the final stage of the rapid evolution galaxies undergo when they enter the clusters.

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arXiv2020

The first blazar observed at z>6

We present the discovery of PSO J030947.49+271757.31, the radio brightest (23.7 mJy at 1.4 GHz) active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z>6.0. It was selected by cross-matching the NRAO VLA Sky Survey and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System PS1 databases and its high-z nature was confirmed by a dedicated spectroscopic observation at the Large Binocular Telescope. A pointed Neil Gehrels $Swift$ Observatory XRT observation allowed us to measure a flux of $\sim$3.4$\times$10$^{-14}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ in the [0.5-10] keV energy band, which also makes this object the X-ray brightest AGN ever observed at z>6.0. Its flat radio spectrum ($α_{νr}$<0.5), very high radio loudness (R>10$^3$), and strong X-ray emission, compared to the optical, support the hypothesis of the blazar nature of this source. %i.e. a radio-loud (RL) AGN with the relativistic jet pointed toward us. Assuming that this is the only blazar at this redshift in the surveyed area of sky, we derive a space density of blazars at z$\sim$6 and with M$_{1450 \mboxÅ}$ < -25.1 of 5.5$^{+11.2}_{-4.6}$$\times$10$^{-3}$ Gpc$^{-3}$. From this number, and assuming a reasonable value of the bulk velocity of the jet ($Γ$=10), we can also infer a space density of the entire radio-loud AGN population at z$\sim$6 with the same optical/UV absolute magnitude of 1.10$^{+2.53}_{-0.91}$ Gpc$^{-3}$. Larger samples of blazars will be necessary to better constrain these estimates.

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arXiv2019

GASP. XXII The molecular gas content of the JW100 jellyfish galaxy at z~0.05: does ram pressure promote molecular gas formation?

Within the GASP survey, aimed at studying the effect of the ram-pressure stripping on the star formation quenching in cluster galaxies, we analyze here ALMA observations of the jellyfish galaxy JW100. We find an unexpected large amount of molecular gas ($\sim 2.5 \times 10^{10} M_{\odot}$), 30\% of which is located in the stripped gas tail out to $\sim$35 kpc from the galaxy center. The overall kinematics of molecular gas is similar to the one shown by the ionized gas, but for clear signatures of double components along the stripping direction detected only out to 2 kpc from the disk. The line ratio $r_{21}$ has a clumpy distribution and in the tail can reach large values ($\geq 1$), while its average value is low (0.58 with a 0.15 dispersion). All these evidence strongly suggest that the molecular gas in the tail is newly born from stripped HI gas or newly condensed from stripped diffuse molecular gas. The analysis of interferometric data at different scales reveals that a significant fraction ($\sim 40\%$) of the molecular gas is extended over large scales ($\geq 8$ kpc) in the disk, and this fraction becomes predominant in the tail ($\sim 70\%$). By comparing the molecular gas surface density with the star formation rate surface density derived from the \Ha emission from MUSE data, we find that the depletion time on 1 kpc scale is particularly large ($5-10$ Gyr) both within the ram-pressure disturbed region in the stellar disk, and in the complexes along the tail.

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arXiv2019

Why are some galaxy clusters underluminous? The very low concentration of the CL2015 mass profile

Our knowledge of the variety of galaxy clusters has been increasing in the last few years thanks to our progress in understanding the severity of selection effects on samples. To understand the reason for the observed variety, we study CL2015, a cluster easily missed in X-ray selected observational samples. Its core-excised X-ray luminosity is low for its mass M500, well below the mean relation for an X-ray selected sample, but only ~1.5 sigma below that derived for an X-ray unbiased sample. We derived thermodynamic profiles and hydrostatic masses with the acquired deep Swift X-ray data, and we used archival Einstein, Planck, and SDSS data to derive additional measurements, such as integrated Compton parameter, total mass, and stellar mass. The pressure and the electron density profiles of CL2015 are systematically outside the +/- 2 sigma range of the universal profiles; in particular the electron density profile is even lower than the one derived from Planck-selected clusters. CL2015 also turns out to be fairly different in the X-ray luminosity versus integrated pressure scaling compared to an X-ray selected sample, but it is a normal object in terms of stellar mass fraction. CL2015's hydrostatic mass profile, by itself or when is considered together with dynamical masses, shows that the cluster has an unusual low concentration and an unusual sparsity compared to clusters in X-ray selected samples. The different behavior of CL2015 is caused by its low concentration. When concentration differences are accounted for, the properties of CL2015 become consistent with comparison samples. CL2015 is perhaps the first known cluster with a remarkably low mass concentration for which high quality X-ray data exist. Objects similar to CL2015 fail to enter observational X-ray selected samples because of their low X-ray luminosity relative to their mass.

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arXiv2019

Multi-wavelength structure analysis of local cluster galaxies. The WINGS project

We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxies in nine clusters selected from the WINGS dataset, examining how galaxy structure varies as a function of wavelength and environment using the state of the art software GALAPAGOSII. We simultaneously fit single Sérsic functions on three optical (u, B and V) and two near-infrared (J and K) bands thus creating a wavelength-dependent model of each galaxy. We measure the magnitudes, effective radius ($R_{e}$) the Sérsic index ($n$), axis ratio and position angle in each band. The sample contains 790 cluster members (located close to the cluster center < 0.64 R$_{200}$ and 254 non-member galaxies that we further separate based on their morphology into ellipticals, lenticulars and spirals. We find that the Sérsic index of all galaxies inside clusters remains nearly constant with wavelength while $R_{e}$ decreases as wavelength increases for all morphological types. We do not observe a significant variation on n and $R_{e}$ as a function of projected local density and distance from the clusters center. Comparing the n and $R_{e}$ of bright cluster galaxies with a subsample of non-member galaxies we find that bright cluster galaxies are more concentrated (display high $n$ values) and are more compact (low $R_{e}$). Moreover, the light profile ($\mathcal{N}$) and size ($\mathcal{R}$) of bright cluster galaxies does not change as a function of wavelength in the same manner as non-member galaxies.

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arXiv2019

X-ray properties of z>4 blazars

We present the X-ray analysis of the largest flux-limited complete sample of blazar candidates at z>4 selected from the Cosmic Lens All Sky Survey (CLASS). After obtaining a nearly complete (24/25) X-ray coverage of the sample (from Swift-XRT, XMM-Newton and Chandra), we analysed the spectra in order to identify the bona-fide blazars. We classified the sources based on the shape of their Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) and, in particular, on the flatness of the X-ray emission and its intensity compared to the optical one. We then compared these high-z blazars with a blazar sample selected at lower redshifts (z~1). We found a significant difference in the X-ray-to-radio luminosity ratios, with the CLASS blazars having a mean ratio 2.4+/-0.5 times larger than low-z blazars. We tentatively interpret this evolution as due to the interaction of the electrons of the jet with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons, which is expected to boost the observed X-ray emission at high redshifts. Such a dependence has been already observed in highly radio-loud AGNs in the recent literature. This is the first time it is observed using a statistically complete radio flux limited sample of blazars. We have then evaluated whether this effect could explain the differences in the cosmological evolution recently found between radio and X-ray selected samples of blazars. We found that the simple version of this model is not able to solve the tension between the two evolutionary results.

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arXiv2019

An extremely X--ray weak blazar at z=5

We present the discovery and properties of DESJ014132.4-542749.9 (DES0141-54), a new powerful radio-loud active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the early Universe (z=5.0). It was discovered by cross-matching the first data release of the Dark Energy Survey (DES DR1) with the Sidney University Molonglo Survey (SUMSS) radio catalog at 0.843 GHz. This object is the first radio-loud AGN at high redshift discovered in the DES. The radio properties of DES0141-54, namely its very large radio-loudness (R>10$^{4}$), the high radio luminosity (L$_{0.8 GHz}$=1.73$\times$10$^{28}$ W Hz$^{-1}$), and the flatness of the radio spectrum ($α$=0.35) up to very high frequencies (120 GHz in the source's rest frame), classify this object as a blazar, meaning, a radio-loud AGN observed along the relativistic jet axis. However, the X--ray luminosity of DESJ0141-54 is much lower compared to those of the high redshift (z$\geq$4.5) blazars discovered so far. Moreover its X-ray-to-radio luminosity ratio (log($\frac{L_{[0.5-10]keV}}{L_{1.4GHz}}$)=9.96$\pm$0.30 Hz) is small also when compared to lower redshift blazars: only 2\% of the low-z population has a similar ratio. By modeling the spectral energy distribution we found that this peculiar X--ray weakness and the powerful radio emission could be related to a particularly high value of the magnetic field. Finally, the mass of the central black hole is relatively small (M$_{BH}$ = 3-8 $\times$10$^8$ M$_{\odot}$) compared to other confirmed blazars at similar redshift, making DES0141-54 the radio-loud AGN that host the smallest supermassive black hole ever discovered at z$\geq$5.

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arXiv2019

GASP XVIII: Star formation quenching due to AGN feedback in the central region of a jellyfish galaxy

We report evidence for star formation quenching in the central 8.6 kpc region of the jellyfish galaxy JO201 which hosts an active galactic nucleus, while undergoing strong ram pressure stripping. The ultraviolet imaging data of the galaxy disk reveal a region with reduced flux around the center of the galaxy and a horse shoe shaped region with enhanced flux in the outer disk. The characterization of the ionization regions based on emission line diagnostic diagrams shows that the region of reduced flux seen in the ultraviolet is within the AGN-dominated area. The CO J$_{2-1}$ map of the galaxy disk reveals a cavity in the central region. The image of the galaxy disk at redder wavelengths (9050-9250 $\overset{\lower.5em\circ}{\mathrm{A}}$) reveals the presence of a stellar bar. The star formation rate map of the galaxy disk shows that the star formation suppression in the cavity occurred in the last few 10$^8$ yr. We present several lines of evidence supporting the scenario that suppression of star formation in the central region of the disk is most likely due to the feedback from the AGN. The observations reported here make JO201 a unique case of AGN feedback and environmental effects suppressing star formation in a spiral galaxy.

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arXiv2019

Structural and dynamical modeling of WINGS clusters. II. The orbital anisotropies of elliptical, spiral and lenticular galaxies

The Bayesian MAMPOSSt mass/orbit modeling algorithm is used to jointly fit the distribution of elliptical, spiral (and irregular), and lenticular galaxies in projected phase space, on 3 stacked clusters (with normalized positions and velocities) of 54 regular clusters from the WINGS survey, with at least 30 member velocities. Our stacked clusters contain ~5000 galaxies with available velocities and morphological types. 30 runs of MAMPOSSt with different priors are presented. The highest MAMPOSSt likelihoods are obtained for generalized NFW models with steeper inner slope, free-index Einasto models, and double NFW models for the cluster and the brightest cluster galaxy. However, there is no strong Bayesian evidence for a steeper profile than the NFW model. The mass concentration matches the predictions from cosmological simulations. Ellipticals usually trace best the mass distribution, while S0s are close. Spiral galaxies show increasingly radial orbits at increasing radius, as do S0s on two stacks, and ellipticals on one stack. The inner orbits of all three types in the 3 stacks are consistent with isotropy. Spiral galaxies should transform rapidly into early-types given their much larger extent in clusters. Outer radial orbits are expected for the spirals, a consequence of their recent radial infall into the cluster. The less radial orbits we find for early-types could be related to the longer time spent by these galaxies in the cluster. We demonstrate that two-body relaxation is too slow to explain the inner isotropy of the early types, which suggests that inner isotropy is the consequence of violent relaxation during major cluster mergers or dynamical friction and tidal braking acting on subclusters. We propose that the inner isotropy of the short-lived spirals is a selection effect of spirals passing only once through pericenter before being transformed into early-type morphologies.

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