Counting invertible sums of squares modulo $n$ and a new generalization of Euler totient function
In this paper we introduce and study a family $Φ_k$ of arithmetic functions generalizing Euler's totient function. These functions are given by the number of solutions to the equation $\gcd(x_1^2+\ldots +x_k^2, n)=1$ with $x_1,\ldots,x_k \in {\mathbb{Z}}/n{\mathbb{Z}}$ which, for $k=2,4$ and $8$ coincide, respectively, with the number of units in the rings of Gaussian integers, quaternions and octonions over ${\mathbb{Z}}/n{\mathbb{Z}}$. We prove that $Φ_k$ is multiplicative for every $k$, we obtain an explicit formula for $Φ_k(n)$ in terms of the prime-power decomposition of $n$ and derive an asymptotic formula for $\sum_{n\le x} Φ_k(n)$. As a tool we investigate the multiplicative arithmetic function that counts the number of solutions to $x_1^2+\ldots +x_k^2\equiv λ$ (mod $n$) for $λ$ coprime to $n$, thus extending an old result that dealt only with the prime $n$ case.